Owning a Mobile Phone

Owning a mobile phone When I was in the 7 grade, I dreamed of owning my mobile phone. The day I got my mobile phone was one of the happiest days in my life. Owning a mobile phone gave me freedom, cost me money, and made me be careful about the bad effects from mobile phone. Owning a mobile phone made me had the freedom. First of all, I didn’t have to use telephone anymore. Every time I used it to call my friends, my paren't looked at me really strange, they seemed unpleasant. Moreover, they were always worried about a person who called to me and the person whom I talked to. Second, I don’t need to borrow my friend mobile phone.I was really embarrassed every time when I asked for his phone. With my own mobile phone I can communicate to my friends no matter what or where I am. For instance, I can easily contact to my friends by calling or sending messages everywhere. I had to pay for the mobile phone and related expenses. A phone with many features and capabilities can be expensive. I had considered about size, battery life, price, internet access and other features. Finally, I had to pay about 14,000 baht for my mobile phone. Moreover, a mobile phone cost a few to maintain such as screen protector, battery, battery charger and fixed if necessary.Of course, I had monthly phone bill. Mobile phone expenses can be controlled in limit budget. I look at my current phone bill and see how I’m using my phone. How many minutes do I use a month? Am I a big texter? So, I choose the properly package and control myself in limit budget. When I have to pay for my mobile phone, I became a more careful consumer. I became worried about the bad effects from mobile phone. Using a lot mobile phone can harm my brain. If I use mobile phones too much, I will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-brain barrier, or ears problems. In addition, when I use mobile phones while I am driving, I might get an accident.It is essential not good for me and others. Moreover, â€Å"r adiations emitted from the phone are dead harmful for the eardrum†, has proved by many scientist. Owning a mobile phone gave me freedom, but it gave me responsibilities and worries, too. Even with the stress of monthly phone bill and mobile maintenance but I would never give up my mobile phone. Furthermore, my fear of using a lot mobile phone can harm my brain cannot keep me from the joy my mobile phone. I am really happy to use it properly and sensibly, mobile phone is one of a wonderful piece of utility in my life.

Economic Crisis in East Asian Country

A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devaluations, bad banking practices, high foreign debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asia†s large impact on the world economy, the panic in Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, and other Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations (Sanger 1). The East Asian crisis has affected almost all of the Asian ations, but the three hardest hit countries are Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailand†s slowing economy, excessive debt, and political instability devalued the baht as they fled for market-driven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesia†s economy soon fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U. S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and inefficient government. Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from being overbuilt during real estate booms that Reven2 were the result of huge influxes of cash by optimistic foreign investors. South Korea faltered under the weight of its huge foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency (Lochhead 4-5). Other major countries touched by the crisis are Japan, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japan†s economy is burdened by $300 billion in bad bank loans and a recession. Chinese banks may carry bad banks loans of up to $1 trillion. The banks lend 66% of China†s investment capital to state-run industries that only produce 12% of China†s industrial output (Manning 2). Malaysia and the Philippines are both faced with devalued currencies and lowered stock markets The implications of the Asian financial crisis are many. A declining Asian economy will reduce demand for U. S. and other countries† exports. The devalued currencies of East Asia will make Asian imports seen cheap and will lead to increased American imports, thus increasing our trade deficit (Lochhead 2). A worldwide banking mergency could result if the embattled Asian economies failed to pay back their loans to the U. S. and other countries (Duffy 2). If the Asian economies fall further, in a desire to raise cash, they might sell the hundreds of billion dollars of U. S. treasuries they now own, leading to higher interest rates and an American recession (Lacayo 2). An article in the Economist reported that the Asian economic turmoil and the layoffs that may result, could instigate increased discontent and possibly give rise to violent strikes, riots, and greater political instability (1-2). Reven 3 Since the financial tumult causes instability in the world market, several solutions have been proposed designed to restore the health of the Asian economy. The International Monetary Fund is offering $60 billion in aid packages to Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea (Lacayo 1). The aid will be used for converting short-term debt to long-term debt and to keep currencies from falling lower in the world market (Passell 2). Lower currency values make repaying loans to other nations more difficult (Sanger 1 ). The aid packages are tied to measures that will ensure that the recipient countries reform their economies. Some of the measures the nations must follow are increasing taxes to decrease budget deficits, ending corruption, increasing banking regulation, improving accounting information so investors can make better decisions, closing insolvent banks, selling off inefficient state enterprises, and increasing interest rates to slow growth and encourage stability (Lacayo 3). Hopefully these market reforms will allow East Asia to improve its economic outlook. Since most of the Asian nations have balance budgets, low inflation, cheap labor, pro-business governments, and high savings rates, the long-term outlook for these countries is very good (Marshall 1). The financial crisis, instead of destroying the Asian tigers, will merely serve as a much needed lesson in debt management, orderly growth, competent accounting practices, and efficient government. Considering the size of Asias contribution to the world economy, a rapid recovery will be greatly anticipated.

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Discussion - Assignment Example He also introduced the idea of equality by showing the value of each person irrespective of his rank (Zola, 2003). The two artists use the same technique to communicate to the public and present their ideas. Manet used a large canvas, which was past the standard canvases sold during his time. Tucker (1998) indicates that the painting was done on a large canvas, of almost a similar size to those used by historians to document noble events. It was done on a 208 X 264 cm canvas. He may have been passing on information to the public about his might as a painter, or may have been showing the authorities that they are all the same irrespective of status. He painted a stark naked model in a canvas of the same size as those used by the authorities; this could have been a way of telling the authorities that even the stark naked deserve to be in such canvases. During his time, stark naked pictures were not respected and were considered inappropriate. Manet may have been saying that, whatever people think is inappropriate, could be appropriate in some other way; they were all the same. A similar technique is used by Courbet in his Burial at Ornans. In this painting, there is a group of people; the mayor, the priest, and different other people, prominent and not, with their respective outfits. They are depicted with their own personal worries. Within the picture, at the edge of the grave, there is a gravedigger sitting on his knees. He sits on his knees, but is the only one with the head held high. Buchon (1977) notes that, â€Å"he alone commands† (p. 3). This picture shows that even if one is a gravedigger, there is an area where he will outwit the rest. It also shows that even if one is a priest, king, or highly ranked official, when it comes to the time of burial, they will all look up to the gravedigger. The gravedigger, therefore, has a

Improving the innovation capability of Blackberry Assignment

Improving the innovation capability of Blackberry - Assignment Example This Canadian company decided to change its name to Blackberry as consumers were having a difficult time correlating the Blackberry name with Research in Motion. This trading name gives the Blackberry device a solid brand image associated with the company and its core values, which was a positive marketing decision made by the organisation. Between 2000 and 2007, Research in Motion had been the foremost pioneer in smartphone technology, being a pioneer in the technology industry. The market, at the time, did not provide consumers with a variety of options when it came to evolving mobile phone technology and, upon the launch of the Blackberry Pearl 8100, it was the only company that had a comparable offering, thus setting the product category for the industry. It was not until today’s leaders in smartphone technologies, such as Apple and Samsung, launched their first smartphone versions in the retail market that Blackberry began to quickly lose market share and also their reput ation for being an untouchable innovator in the industry. This essay describes how innovation is managed at Blackberry, how innovation projects are managed and carried out along the existing business model, and how culture supports or hinders innovation production at the firm. Findings are supported by both secondary and primary data, including an Internet chat interview with a representative from Blackberry, Christophe Lefort, general manager of Blackberry in France who agreed to participate in a 20 minute online interview. Strategy Unfortunately, Blackberry does not publicise its internal operational strategies and innovation efforts as this would deplete its publicized competitive advantages for a struggling organisation. In 2002, at the height of the business’ pinnacle as an innovator, the company experienced explosive sales volumes of its earliest Blackberry devices. By 2008, the company had become a cost leader, having launched multiple versions of the widely-accepted B lackberry device whilst reducing operating expenses, boasting a stock price of over $144 (Yahoo! Finance 2013). However, it quickly became apparent that Apple and Samsung, in 2008, had produced much more innovative smartphone devices, thus both companies seizing market share from Research in Motion and quickly gaining brand loyalty. By 2012, stock valuation in Research in Motion was less than $8 per share as the company struggled enormously to regain its footing as a pioneering leader. With a highly leveraged business model coupled with consumers that were quickly becoming entranced with the innovative technologies offered by Apple, Blackberry nearly approached bankruptcy. Therefore, the new business, Blackberry, would find considerable competitive danger by publicizing its internal efforts at innovation and strategy. It was just recently, in 2013, that Blackberry launched its latest Blackberry smartphone model which did find success in its target markets, thus providing the capital required for Blackberry to continue operating, to persevere as a publicly traded company, and determine the next innovation to save the company’s future. Having identified these limitations in available research, the current strategy for innovation as a survival methodology and to regain positive brand reputation can be explored, with assistance from the interview respondent. Prior to 2008, no representatives at then Research and Motion believed that they would lose their innovative competitive edge. Even industry experts believed that RIM would maintain its leadership position in the smartphone industry indefinitely which continued to push its stock prices ever higher with each news release about impending product developments. Essentially, Research in Motion

Intro to Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intro to Film - Essay Example According to the research "Intro to Film" findings, Spielberg’s career can be divided into three distinct phases. His main commercial success took place during the years in between 1975 to 1993. During this phase, he directed many of his and Hollywood’s best films like Jaws, King-Kong, Superman, Star Wars and E.T., the Extra-Terrestrial, King Lucas, Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones. Since 1994, his career took a new dimension and he got more engrossed with the manufacture of his dream studio, DreamWorks. Along with this he became further busy in production and directed some of the spectacular panoramas on the silver screen like Jurassic Park and its sequels along with The Lost World. Amistad, Catch Me If You Can, A.I. - Artificial Intelligence are some of the films from this director those were successful in the box office and were also critically acclaimed across the globe for their immense improvisation of technical usage and themes (American Film Institute, 2011). Spielberg’s style of filmmaking is responsible for his commercial success and worldwide critical acclamation of his films. His aesthetic senses are very strong and this is pertinent in his sets and costumes that so well fit with all his movies that they become an integral part of every film he directs. He has the power and flair to blend substance and maturity with entertainment. His language of the camera is both explicit and sometimes implicit. This particular style is exclusively Spielberg’s own signature and it has developed, strengthened and matured with years.

Advanced Fire Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advanced Fire Administration - Essay Example The chief of police recognized and respected me over the years due to the services I led my unit to offer. It started with frontline supervision and rose to command with many daring rescues. The team leadership I provided with the support and trust of my unit led to effective decisions in a hard and demanding environment. I started as an active firefighter in 1983 where I held the ranks of lieutenant and captain by the year 1989. In 1989, my administrative duties began after my election as the departmental third assistant chief by my colleagues. By the year 1989 to 1991 I had risen to the first assistant chief of the department, it was, therefore, a pleasant surprise when in 1992, my colleagues saw me as best suited for the position of fire chief. I held this position for four years before serving as the vice president and fire ground safety officer to the fire company between 1996 and 2009 (Randy 56). In 2010, I became president to the fire company, this company which is the C.E.O for the fire organization. Its responsibilities were to offer detailed plans, procedures, and standards for implementation at a volunteer fire department serving a unique population comprised of large and small businesses, single-family homes, high buildings, and municipal facilities. My duties as president were to offer expert technical knowledge, to train and safely lead approximately 50 volunteer firefighters and engage in controlling and extinguishing fires to protect property. I also aided in rescuing people endangered by fire, reducing and trying to eliminate potential fire hazards, controlling hazardous materials incidents, coordinating emergency medical services, training volunteers in fire protection and prevention, operating and maintaining fire communications equipment, and advising on improvements to structures for better fire prevention.

Teaching case study for international marketing Essay

Teaching case study for international marketing - Essay Example Its various strategies and marketing activities are also discussed. Poundland is one of the famous companies in the retail industry. It is a British multinational company having its presence in most of the big countries of the world. It is a public limited company. The company was established in 1990 by Stephen Smith and Dave Dodd. The company deals with various types of products like kitchen ware, home, healthcare, gifts etc. The company sells all of its products at  £ 1. The company is considered as the largest single priced retailer in UK. In 2014 the company earned revenue of 997.8 million pound. In that year the profit of the company was  £ 13.9 million. The firm has around 10,020 employees who play vital role in operating the business process. The target of Poundland Company is to increase its market share and customer base. The company has expanded its business operations in many countries of the world. Now it is focusing on expanding its business in China. This country can be a big market for this company. The firm has the objective to t he entire market of China. In different other countries the company is enjoying strong growth in customer acquisition and sales (Halliburton and Ziegfeld, 2009). The company expects the same business growth after expanding into China market. Poundland is into the retail industry for a long period of time. The retail stores of Poundland sell products of different brands. The company also has products of its own. The company is famous for selling all products for  £ 1. This unique pricing policy helps the brand to attract maximum number of customers. The firm promotes its brand by maintain its strong and active presence in different social media sites like facebook, twitter, pin interest etc (Agrawal, 1995). Through this social media sites the company performs different marketing activities for increasing its brand value. The brand has large number of female customers. The

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example To conduct a rhetorical analysis, the first step is the identification of the purpose or the author's intent. Questions like what occasion give rise to the need for writing and the intentions of the author are evaluated. The author may attack, defend, praise, blame or teach about a given phenomena. The next step involves the identification of the audience; this involves the identifying and classifying the audience to either primary or secondary audiences as well as identifying the author values for the audience. The third step involves identification of rhetorical strategies used to appeal the audience accept the author views. One common appeal is the aristotean appeal which groups the author's concept to either Ethos Logos or Pathos. Ethos appeals refer to the character and confidence of the writer as well as his credibility. Pathos refers to the emotional appeals, use of repetition and description while logos refer to the use of definitions, laws, statistics and comparisons to conv ince the audience. In conclusion, it is somehow difficult to conduct rhetorical analysis especially identifying the different appeals as well as the audience classification.

Article Critique_Shoe Selection in Safe Light-Industrial Jobs Essay

Article Critique_Shoe Selection in Safe Light-Industrial Jobs - Essay Example It is a requirement for every worker to use necessary protective equipment properly and at all times in the work place. A light industry that involves numerous workers to attain the high number of products should stress the employer’s responsibility to avoid potential injuries in the workplace. Employers should follow the necessary guidelines and standards provided by certain agency such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Hazard assessment is done by identifying the physical and health hazards in every workplace which stand as the first critical step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program. Another factor is choosing the appropriate personal protective equipment for the workers who are the main concern in the industrial job. Right selection of shoe will help to minimize workplace injuries thus, increasing their work productivity. The need for the right shoes is essential for individual’s safety and proper support and comfort. Foot and leg injuries were often due to improper shoe selection and poor knowledge on how to select shoes according to the nature of work. Important outline were made to assist workers in light-industrial job in choosing the right shoe particularly in using a heavy-duty leather shoes. The primary idea to consider is to always measure feet before selecting new shoes because feet may change in size over time due to activities that stretches feet and also due to aging. Next, measure feet while standing because standing for long period of time can stretch feet thus, selecting slightly larger shoes can help minimize foot pain later on. Always measure both feet also then select shoes that fit the larger foot if there is slight discrepancy on both size of feet. It is significant as well to buy shoes late in the afternoon for the reason that feet stretch regularly during the course of the day. Upon purchasing, it is a must to spend a few minutes walking while wearing both shoes to make a

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In fact, the scope of literature does not include data that is relevant for all the businesses and touches the dilemma between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ solely within corporate management. Thus, the given essay can serve as a background for further researches on this topic that will investigate this problem in different business environments. To start with, the notion of ‘good’ manager needs clarification, since this topic is problematic to date. In this context, the fact that capitalism serves as a preliminary condition of contemporary corporations’ appearance leads to the misunderstanding between ‘good’ management and ‘bad’ ethics. In capitalist framework, the very establishment of enterprise is self-regulatory enough to be good for the society. As a result, no significant attention was paid to the analysis of business in ethical terms in the context of early capitalist development. Because of this, ambiguity between et hics and profit appears nowadays. In Smith’s words, ‘No regulation of commerce can increase the quantity of industry in any society beyond that capital can maintain†¦ And it is by no means certain that this artificial direction is likely to be more advantageous to the society than that into which it would have gone of its own accord†¦ The study of his [every individual] own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society.’ In the given passage, it is hard to measure the difference between the choice motivated by profit means and by public good. In this context, personal motivation has crucial role; moreover, the level of publicity and acknowledgment of social needs define the ethical behavior in modern times (Trevià ±o and Nelson 2011: 323).

Mississippi’s school Essay Example for Free

Mississippi’s school Essay The SAGE program in partnership with John Hopkins University of Baltimore Maryland, invites, states or districts to become members in improving the student achievement in the potential members’ schools. Through the National Network of Partnership Schools, SAGE and others in the network will work states, districts and other educational organization members to form an Action Team for Partnership plan. Members follow the Six Types of Involvement format (NNPS online). Five years of NNPS surveys and result focused studies on member schools’ progress has been reported (2005). NNPS uses research results to develop practical tools, materials, and guidelines for schools and school districts. Presently, over 1000 schools, 100 districts, and 17 state departments of education are working with NNPS to use research-based approaches to establish and strengthen their programs of school, family, and community partnerships (2005). It is suggested that incorporating the following elements create better programs and outreaching to parents of the students and increased parental involvement (2005). 1. Leadership 2. Teamwork 3. Action plans 4. Implementation of plans 5. Funding 6. Collegial support 7. Evaluation 8. Networking Results from longitudinal studies showed that â€Å" a review of literature on family involvement with students on reading, indicated that, across the grades, subject specific interventions to involve families in reading and related language arts, positively affected students’ reading skills and scores (Sheldon Epstein, 2005b). The original SAGE pilot program research involved participants of which fifty percent were below the poverty level (Vinson, 2002). Participating classes were reduced from average size to fifteen students per teacher. An evaluation by Molinar, Smith and Zahorik (1999) revealed that the first grade SAGE students demonstrated higher achievement when compared to nonparticipating schools in both language arts and math. Second and third graders were reported to follow the same pattern. The third study to be reviewed is the Prime Time (1984) project in Indiana. This was originally planned to be a two year project started in 1984 but it had such promising results that by 1988 all k-3 classes were reduced in Indiana. The average FTE was eighteen. In 1989, McGivern, Gilman and Tillitski compared samples of achievement levels of second graders from six districts with reduced class sizes and three districts that were not reduced and found significantly larger gains in reading and math among students of smaller classes. As with project STAR, SAGE has suffered criticism. Limitations mentioned were that â€Å"students were not assigned to experimental control groups on a random basis†, and that school policies were changed and implemented during the course of the study (Vinson, 2002). A widely criticized factor was the use of teacher incentives to motivate small classroom achievement. As mentioned previously, opinions on class size vary. Over the years several researchers have analyzed studies and evaluated the effectiveness of each. Glass and Smith (1979) found after analyzing seventy-seven empirical studies on class size versus student achievement, that small classes were associated with higher achievement at all grade levels. For greatest results in student achievement, students should attend small classes for over one-hundred hours (1979), with under twenty students. Small classes are beneficial because of 1) better student reaction 2) teacher morale and 3) quality of the teaching environment (Vinson, 2002). In a review of one-hundred relevant studies, small classes had been the most beneficial, during kindergarten and third grade, but only if teachers change their methods and procedures (Robinson and Wittebols, 1986). Slavin’s (1990) research of empirical studies, were chosen for analysis based on a three part criteria; 1) class size had been reduced for at least one year 2) twenty students were compared to substantially larger class sizes and 3) students in both class sizes were comparable (1990). Contrary to previously mentioned researchers, Slavin believed that smaller class size had minimal positive effects on students and those effects did not continue once students were returned to normal, larger classes (1990). A highly published researcher, Eric Hanushek has voiced his opposition to small classes benefiting student achievement since the mid-1980s. In all his reviews of class size studies, he’s always concluded that; â€Å"The evidence about improvements in student achievement that can be attributed to smaller classes turns out to be meager and unconvincing (Vinson, 2002)†. Johnson (2000), citing a study at the Heritage Foundation examining National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading data, asserted that the difference in reading assessment scores between students in small classes and students in large classes was insignificant. He criticized class size reduction programs citing California as example of how such programs exacerbate the problem of lack of qualified teachers to fill classrooms. His claim of the lack of association between class size and performance was consistent with Hanushek’s conclusions (1999). Studies of the effects of class size in secondary schools are much more rare and largely equivocal (Deutsch 2003; Grissmer 1999). Many of those who advocate for smaller class sizes at the secondary level argue that small classes positively impact the school environment, thus, improving performance indirectly. In her review of the literature of class size and secondary schools, Deutsch (2003) highlights studies that conclude small classes stimulate student engagement, allow more innovative instructional strategies, increase teacher-student interactions, reduce the amount of time teachers devote to discipline, improve teacher morale, and minimize feelings of isolation and alienation in adolescence that can come from anonymity. Another important process variable the researcher will investigate is the effects of school policy on student achievement. An influential policy becoming common in schools is that of parental support and teacher incentives. As with the other factors in this model, conclusions about the effects of both on student performance has been mixed, but recent studies seem to point to more positive correlations, particularly teacher experience (Hedges, Lane, and Greenwald 1994). Mississippi’s Department of Education’s Schools and Parents Partnering for Student Success is a brochure given to the parents of Mississippi public school students to educate them on what level of proficiency their child should be on in an attempt to form a relationship between school and home. Strategies for improving student achievement according to Mississippi’s School.

Rizal in Dapitan Essay Example for Free

Rizal in Dapitan Essay A Simple and Prolific Life of Rizal in Dapitan â€Å"Simple yet prolific† is the best word that can describe the life of Rizal in Dapitan. It is simple in a way that he lives like an ordinary people and prolific because when he was there, his time was not wasted and made a lot of contribution not only to the place but also to the people. In the first part of his exile, he lived in a commandant’s house but after winning the second prize in the Manila Lottery and also from his savings being a merchant and farmer, he bought a land in Talisay. In this place, he built three houses made of bamboo, wood and also nipa with different shapes. The first house served as his home, the second house is for his students and lastly, the third house is for his chickens. Even though Rizal is in Dapitan, he continued to send a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt that described his life in Dapitan. The letter says that Rizal is waking up early in the morning to feed his chickens and cook for their breakfast. After eating their breakfast, Rizal treats those patients who come to his house and also those in towns. In the afternoon, after being a doctor in the morning, he transformed into teacher to teach the young boys in their town. These young boys do not have any tuition fee, but there is one condition, they have to work, especially in the farm, together with Rizal. And Rizal ended the day in reading and writing. After 4 years, he left Dapitan but Rizal’s presence remains there because he has a lot of contribution and also some projects that until now are running. One of his contributions is the good waterworks system he constructed in the province. As you can remember Rizal studied surveying when he was in Ateneo Municipal. Rizal also has a lot of contributions to the agricultural development, in his multi hectare land; he planted crops and fruit-bearing trees together with his students. He also introduced the modern methods and machineries in farming and also in fishing to many of our Dapitenos. By these many reasons, we can’t deny that Rizal was truly loved by all Dapitenos. As you can see, when Rizal left Dapitan, all of his students, their parents and also ordinary people together with a band said their last goodbyes.

Socio-Cultural Influences on Human Sexuality

Socio-Cultural Influences on Human Sexuality Seminar 6 – Integrated Paper 3 Tara A. Fay Baker College: Human Sexuality Seminar 6 – Final Integrated Paper 3 April 1, 2015 Introduction The goal of this integrated paper is to take a closer look at the impact that socio-cultural and the influences have directly affect human sexuality. This information will help provide greater understanding of the psychological implications that it has on individuals and the impact of sex, and what influences human expectations for fulfill needs, wants and desires. This paper will identify certain stereotypes that have been linked and placed on prostitution, obscenity, sex in the media, and pornography. Human Sexuality and Behavior Attraction is an important part of two individuals engaging in sexual activity. It is naturally creating a stimulating response, identified by many people as chemistry. Relationships without chemistry is seen as a non-sexual relation with no sexual stimuli to produce an interest. (King, Regan, 2014). As far as having a connection in sexual relationships, most people believe that sexual chemistry is important to having sex with their partner. It does not matter if you are young or old, male or female, human sexuality is an important part of being human. Gender and Sexuality The concept of gender identity is the sense (private) of an individual’s inner-being of being a man or woman (Gilberty 2008, cited in Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman 2009, p371). An individuals own self-conception of themselves being male or female. It does not refer to ones sexual orientation. Gender identity development for females can result in being sexual and physically abused in front of other males. The females go through physical changes (like or dislike) to alter the femininity. For instance, girls will enjoy going showing for bras or make-up. Females begin to consider themselves to be primarily masculine or feminine, whereas some individuals may experience the combination of the two. During the adolescence years of a youth their understanding of gender is ridged and stereotyped. They tend to participate in more gender-related behaviors. For instance, mean girls will gravitate toward girly activities (an ultra-femininity appearance). Males tend to lean toward guy activities (masculine). Males will go through puberty where they will begin to develop muscles, facial hair, shaving which can bring about the use of desired cologne and deodorants to either play up or play down their masculinity. Gender development are the physical changes to one’s body. During teen years, they become interested in dating and forming romantic relationships, putting in efforts to attract the opposite sex. Males tend to be attracted to females who have feminine hair, bodies, facial features, and appealing scents and even lift weights. Teen girls focus on doing their hair and makeup, and dress in feminine clothing, using lotion and facial products, as well as spraying on a desired scent. In gender development, males and females tend to do these behavior things in hopes to capture the attention of the opposite sex. Psychological Perspectives between Genders and Relationships. (Communication Intimacy) There are any differences between men and women, starting with obvious physical difference and men are much stronger than women. There is a difference between attitudes and behaviors in general. One common issue between men and women is centered on sex and intimacy. Men typically consider sex a form of communication when developing a relationship. (Alberts Trethewey, 2007) Women typically desire other forms of communication and a sense of intimacy before sex occurs. One of the biggest arguments revolves around sex. Men are more visual with high-sex expectancies and communication is third on the list, whereas women prefer to be listened to as their means of communication and to be held. (Alberts Trethewey, 2007) Women long to be loved and sex is a very personal and emotional thing. The difference is that with men sex is just sex, a moment of release for them. It can come across as having a women to meet their immediate need and the woman’s need is often never met. In a way wo men are often left feeing used and when there is no emotion or love attached to it, they will tend to feel dirty (depending on the situation). Men, it doesn’t affect them as much. These behaviors, if not communicated, can be damaging to the relationship. It is can be a double standard by means of how we view men and women and how media sends messages that support perceived attitudes and behaviors (i.e. soap operas). (Alberts Trethewey, 2007) When women were asked what they liked and appreciate about a men, the said: Theyre strong, gentle, heartfelt, their muscles, appetites, cuddliness, sense of humor, willingness to love, honest about their shortcomings, their strength, sexuality, fire, theyre fun, tenderness and the ability to be vulnerable, loyal, play, smart, secure and courageous. (Rosenthal, 1992) Men were asked the same question about what they liked in women, their response consisted of: a women’s shape, bodies, roundedness, cooking, responsiveness, softness, spiritedness, willingness, compassion, wisdom, nurturing, sensuality, honesty, and their ability to bear children, along with integrity, patience, loyalty and intuition. (Rosenthal, 1992) Socio-Cultural Influences on Human Sexuality Socio-sexual behavior is a natural behavior that is a common response between men and women, as heterosexual behavior. This behavior starts early-on in childhood and is motivated by wonder and curiosity, for example child will explorer or showing their bodies where forms of sexual behaviors impulses as pretend during child play. Sociocultural aspects are also demonstrated through the adolescence years when male and females begin exploring sexual behavior (kissing, touching and feeling) for which creates sexual arousal and pleasure, followed with dating and naturally carried over into adult life. Adolescence is a learning and growing process to finding out who they as a person, male or female, sexually. Human beings have a natural instinct that leads them to explorer sexual diversity. However, society has formed its beliefs based on when sexual relations should be withheld. Some feel that a relationship that refrains from having sex, is known as being monogamous. Religious views of ha ving sexual relations between a male and a female should be withhold until marriage, to consummate the marriage as being husband and wife. In current culture, many religions are now including sex as part of the ceremony (rites). Not all behaviors are dictated by society (do’s and don’ts), many individuals have their own sexual beliefs and preferences and feel there are entitled to be erotic depending on how and when behavior occurs and in what context. For instance, if an individual finds that kissing sensually or kissing and licking toes is erotic, then they will do it. It bring them pleasure. Nudity is often viewed as erotic therefore opens the invitation to their partner. However, is not the same when it pertains to groups of same gender, camps restricted to nudist, and any medically related procedure. Some economical influences that affect sexuality can be based on systems where production and distribution influences human sexual behaviors. Going from an old school family structures to women and children work outside the home began to shift sexual attitudes and behaviors by working with people. Hormones and Human Sexuality Hormones are a natural indicator that is a chemically produced substance within the body, located in the endocrine gland. When hormones are released in the blood stream, it is distributed throughout all parts of the body. Estrogen and testosterone which are produced by both men and women, are known as the sex hormones which are the communicators that tell parts of the body what to do. These two particular hormones create sexual arousal from erotic stimulation. There are two way they act, 1) centrally, which determines the amount of arousal produced, and 2) peripherally, which determines the amount of receptor response from a stimulating behavior). Although, the brain controls and helps maintain sexual behaviors by using hormones. Psychological Effects of Sexual Behavior Psychological affects begins early on in life through learning and conditioning behaviors in children. For example, an infant child has the ability to respond to tactile stimulation and gradually learns conditioning to certain stimuli’s. During the early years of a child’s life is the importance placed on the development phase of learning that overall forms their adult sexual orientation. (Brannon, 2011) By age five, gender identity develops (boy or girl) and is reinforced (learning and conditioning), through seeing, hearing, witnessing or experiencing a form of sexual contact. Atypical effects from sexual types of stimuli depends on how the child tends to interpret things by the reactions that are given by adults as being good or bad, appropriate or non-appropriate which is brought to their awareness. (Brannon, 2011) For instance, let’s say a situation with a child, where a child gets lifted up by her rear end and was none other than a trivial things and could easily be forgotten, but was interpreted by their mother as being traumatic and starts to cry and scream, soon it triggers the father to become anger and hostile; now the police are involved where the child begins to go through a series of questions. The child then creates a link from that particular situation as being traumatic, leaves them with a life-long psychological effect on how they view their sexuality. (Branno n, 2011) It all depends on how another person interprets things and forms a reaction to something. Children learn and become their environment and thus creating related behaviors formed by learning and conditioning. For this particular child, they may now feel that it is not ok to touch rear-ends and becomes overly conscious of that body part which can eventually affect how they few themselves sexually. (Brannon, 2011) Theories of Human Sexuality According to the Masters and Johnson’s model, desire is an important part sexual encounters in both men and women. According to Basson, he felt that desire may not take place equally at the same time for both sexes. For men, desire takes place before arousal but as for women, desire occurs after arousal and can be difficult to separate the stages. (King Regan, 2014) Using the Masters and Johnson’s theory, demonstrated alignment with male and females sexual response cycles are similar but different in other ways. One misconception of sexual drive is the difference in time it takes for men and women to â€Å"get in the mood†. Women it usually takes about 15 to 20 minutes, and sometimes a little longer or a little less depending on the situation. On the other hand, the typical man can be easily aroused and ready as little as 30 seconds. Some myths of sexuality include; fantasizing during sex, pullout methods, size matters, men are more sexually active than women, and good sex ends in orgasm. Commercialized Sex Formed Expectations Commercialized sex plays a major role in how individuals view their gender and sexuality. It’s no wonder there is a huge spike of sexual assaults, molestation, and sex crimes and human-trafficking each year, and media has a lot to do with it. Using the latest technology and advancements, has developed an instant gratification for human sexuality. (Brown, Steele, Walsh-Childers, 2002). One of the most advanced technology is the internet. Where instant access to pornographic images, videos and sites are readily available. Other form of pornography is found on television, in movies, and on DVD’s where creating false sense of sexual expectations of men and women, males and females. According to Catherine MacKinnon where she defines pornography as being, â€Å"The graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures, videos or words that include dehumanizing women as sexual objects, things or commodities, enjoying pain and humiliation, rape, being tied up, cut up, mutilated, bruised, or physically hurt, in postures of sexual submission, severity or display that is reduced to body parts, penetrated by objects and animals or presented in scenarios of degradation, injury, torture that is shown as filthy or inferior, bleeding, bruised or beaten in a context that makes conditions sexual† (cited, Jennifer Nash, 2002) Sexually explicit material and violence in media has increasingly gotten worse. The impact it has on the public and our children is devastating. According to major newspapers and research studies have found that video that contain much violence and sexually material drastically impacts negative behavior where individuals engage in sexual acts they would not normally do. (Brown, Steele, Walsh-Childers, 2002). Society has shown that more and more people are becoming immune pornography and the dangers associated, tolerating acts of unacceptable behavior. False expectations are created when there is repeated sexual misrepresentation of behaviors causing society to become immune thus becoming a part of the everyday norm, or what is expected. (Brown, Steele, Walsh-Childers, 2002). Sex trade or sex rage? Human sex trafficking, legalized prostitution and human bondage against women and children are a false recruitment for people caught in sex exploitation, slavery, and held as a means of debt bondage. (Arealo, 2011) You will find that most of victims are women who have been falsely bribed, lied to or mislead by using their freedom, loved ones promising they can come to America and have a better life. Human Trafficking is a world-wide crises which began around 2002 has now estimated that between 700,000 and 4 million are forced in by trafficking. Technology and media outlets are used to promote sexual services, escort services, pornography, travel and tourism and even sites that include discrete arrangements, all have contributed to the demand for commercialized sex. (Brown, Steele, Walsh-Childers, 2002). Field Observation – 1: Sexually Explicit images on the Internet (4 day study) Certain measures were used in conducting field Observation-1, which was composed of a teen boy, the internet (unrestricted) and free reign. Without disclosing the study, within a matter of a few days, the adolescence behavior began to shift slightly towards a more heightened behavior and attitude. The teen slowly withdrew himself to his confines of his room and would not come out unless to eat. On the third-day, the teen began to show signs of aggression, as well as making sexually innuendos and comments when a friend stopped to visit. Later that evening, the teen’s behavior accelerated to aggressive and argumentative tones, and showed signs of irritability and hyperactivity towards others. On the fourth-day of observation, the teen displayed unusual behaviors, i.e. like staying in the bathroom for longer periods of time; climbing in bed with just his underwear on during the day. On the fifth-day, I removed the computer from his room and began to view the history of his intern et searches and found that he had view 26 pornographic sites that displayed sexual contact, videos and aggressive sexual behaviors and live video sex. The length of time averaged between 4 to 6 hours per day viewing the sites. One site that I found disturbing was www.slavefarm.com for which contained abusive sexual behavior in forms of bondage, objects, rape, and tied up. I know this site had to of been pulled from a basic search, it was unbelievable to see that it was on the internet as free access. Most porn sites now have free access. Later that evening, on the fifth-day, the teen returned from a friends and found the computer to be gone. With accelerated anger, extreme irritability, heighten voice tones, and profanity by demanding the computer back. This continued on for the remainder of the evening. Observational Findings: It was interesting to see the transition from normal behavior to a more dominate behavior by viewing porn sites that contained harsh, explicit and aggressive sexual content. Behavioral changes in the teen proved that the study found to very damaging in means of acting out with violence and aggression different from the time he was full rein to the end of the study on the fifth-day. These actions, along with other behaviors are in direct alignment with how exposing teens to pornographic and explicit material is altering their state-of-mind. Evidence proved that with an ongoing view of porn sites, the behaviors and violence will continue to increase to new levels causing devastating long-term and regrettable effects. In Summary Socio-cultural and influences do have a direct effect on human sexuality. Resulted that male and female sexuality and sexual behaviors are shaped by a series of processes of learned conditioning by means of society, stereotypes and roles, expectations, biological, gender identity, exposure and commercialized sex. Men and female sexuality are formed through observational and situational and exposure. Abnormal findings concluded long-term psychological effects when exposed to pornography, explicit images, videos, sexual violence, obscenity, and other sources of commercialized sex media’s. Evidence of psychological implications for by influencers dictating male and female expectations as it pertains to individual sexuality by fulfilling wants, needs and desires. Observational findings demonstrated a progression of aggression by overexposure of commercialized sex. Such exposure can contribute to falling into unrealistic sexual expectations, resulting in unwanted acts of sexual vio lence. References: King, B. M. and Regan, P.C. (2014). Human Sexuality Today (8th ed). Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Hamilton, J. (18 October, 2011). Sexual Desire – Differences between Men and Women. John Walter Hamilton Angela Oswalt, MSW, edited by C. E. Zupanick, Psy.D. The Development of Gender Identity. Updated: Nov 17th 2010. Referenced from: http://www.mentalhelp.net American psychological Association, 2011. Sex, Gender, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org Rosenthal, N. (1992). Gender Differences in Relationships, Heart Relationships, Boulder, CO., Retrieved from: http://www.heartrelationships.com Alberts, J. Trethewey, A., (2007). Love, Honor, and Talk, Family Couples. Greater Good. Berkley Education Brannon, L. (2011) Gender: Psychological perspectives (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Strasburger VC, Wilson BJ. Children, Adolescents and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002 Dr. Prabhu, V. (2015). Myths and Misconceptions in Sexuality. Health Library Retrieved from http://healthlibrary.com Brown J., Steele J., Walsh-Childers K. (2002). Sexual Teens, And Sexual Media: Investigating Medias Influence on Adolescent Sexuality. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.; 1-24

Essay on the Battle of the Sexes in Taming of the Shrew -- Taming Shre

The Battle of the Sexes in Taming of the Shrew Battle of the Sexes would have been another appropriate title for this play because the entire play is women verses men, men verses women. This battle of the sexes shows no boundaries between the rich and poor, young or old, man or women. The basis of all the rivalry stems from the fact that the men in this play look at the women as if they were objects, instead of human beings with feelings. This theory that women are merely objects creates an environment that the women have to adapt to and survive in and the environment of a person will depict what he or she will become, resulting in a battle between the sexes. The Taming of the Shrew is set in a time period that did not accept women as we do today. In today's society, women who are strong and independent and quick witted are praised. In Elizabethan times women were supposed to know their role in life, being good to their husbands, making children and taking care of them. There were no women in politics, there were no women in business, it was only acceptable for women to participate in domestic areas of life. Women could not live a respectable life in this time period without a male figure to take care of them, rendering them helpless without men. If there was anything that must be done involving economics or education, it was up to the men. Men were the ones who worked and brought home the money to support the family. The roles of men and women were very distinct, and it resulted in giving the men the majority of the power.   In the taming of the shrew, the play focused on two women in particular, Baptista's daughters, Bianca and Katherine. These women lived in this environment that gave men power for all their lives... ... for both sides. In the case of Katherine and Petruchio, the battle is won because they both love each other and live happily ever after. The battle of the sexes between Bianca and Lucentio is lost because neither is willing to love each other.   In the Taming of the Shrew, the battle of the sexes is more so in the mind of each and every woman, rather than an actual battle between men and women. It is a battle that the women have to overcome in order to be able to enjoy life and to love their husbands, and situations like the fights between Katherine and Petruchio are symbolic of this. When a woman, like Katherine is able to see that love is something that has no roles, or expectations, is when she and her husband can "live happily ever after". Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Ed. David Bevington. New York: Longman, 1997.

Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions "Sexual dysfunctions are an important public health concern, to which general health and emotional problems contribute" (10). What is a sexual dysfunction? A sexual dysfunction is any condition that inhibits someone's ability to enjoy sex. Some common sexual dysfunctions are: hypoactive desire disorder (low sex drive), hyperactive sexual disorder (high sex drive), sexual aversion disorder, lack of lubrication (females), impotence (male erectile disorder), premature ejaculation, vaginismus (prolonged contractions of the vaginal wall that cause painful intercourse), or failure to orgasm during sex (8). In a study of happily married couples, 14% of men and 15% of women reported that they were either not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with their sex lives. In another study by Laumann in 1992, it was found that the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is 43% in women and 31% in men (10). Are these numbers surprising? What is causing this lack of sexual fulfillment? Did you ever wonder why sexual desire varies from person to person? Or why and how your sexual drive can change over time? Did you ever wonder what causes things to go wrong sexually - sexual dysfunctions? What is controlling YOUR sexual desire? Innervations of the organs of sexuality are mediated primarily through the autonomic nervous system (12). The autonomic nervous system is the part of the vertebrate nervous system that regulates involuntary action, as of the intestines, heart, and glands, and that is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system (1). It is generally assumed that the parasympathetic system activates the process of erection via impulses that pass through the pelvic splan... ... 4) HEAD INJURY AND SEXUALITY http://www.medlit.net/guests/Abstracts/Head-inj.htm 5)EMOTIONAL MEMORY AND THE AMYGDALA http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~shamann/amygdala.html 6)Kluver-Bucy Syndrome http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gjdlab/Dar.html 7)Limbic System http://www.placidity.net/neuro/page/11sect/0.shtml 8)Sexual Dysfunction http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/andyf/teaching/clinical/sexdysfunction.pdf 9)Sex and states of consciousness http://www.innerworlds.50megs.com/sex_ascs.htm 10)Sexual Dysfunction Secondary to Depressive Disorders http://www.mmhc.com/jgsm/articles/JGSM9904/bartlik.html 11)What causes behavior? http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/Psychology/psych2f03/lecture11.doc 12)Sexual Dysfunction Following Injury:Time for Enlightenment and Understanding http://www.neuroskills.com/index.html?main=tbi/sex-discussion.shtml

Ghost Sightings in Monroe, New Jersey :: Ghost Stories Urban Legends

Ghost Sightings in Monroe, New Jersey The following story was told to me by a nineteen year old man in his dorm room at College on a Saturday afternoon in March. He is from Monroe, New Jersey, and lives with his two parents, his younger brother, his dog Cougar, and his cat affectionately known as Hellspawn. His father works as a contractor, a security guard, and a fire extinguisher inspector, and his mother works at a local garden center. The story was told to him by the main subject, his gym teacher. His teacher told the story to his health class one day as a firsthand account, although he never specified when it occurred. This is the version told to me: Alright. So I was telling you about that gym teacher I had who was a substitute teacher, and he always claimed that he†¦ would get in the â€Å"zone† and be able to, like, see ghosts and stuff and communicate with them. He was at a Wawa one time, and he stepped outside and there was an old man out there, and he was like, â€Å"Excuse me, sir. . . I just need your help for a second.† He was like, â€Å"Yea, sure†¦ whatta ya need?† And the old man was like, â€Å"Could you go into this store†¦ and ya see that lady over there?† She’s like an elderly lady. â€Å"So could you like go over there and tell her that I love her?† And then he told him his name, ya know, whatever it was, and my gym teacher was like, â€Å"Yea, sure.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ So he went in there, and†¦ he went up to the lady and he was like, â€Å"Hey, I had a message from John,† whatever the hell his name was, â€Å"And he wanted me to tell you t hat he loves you.† And she told him that John had been dead for a couple of years†¦ He described what he looked like to her, and she was like, â€Å"Yea, that’s definitely John, and he’d definitely do something like that.† Umm, yea. So, I mean, I don’t know if it’s true or not, but, he told stories like that all the time. When asked, the storyteller elaborated that the old man was no longer outside the Wawa when his gym teacher went back outside. The teller had slight pauses in several places in his story, most notably before explaining that his gym teacher could see ghosts and after the elderly woman confirming it was her late husband.

Political Corruption and Empowerment Essay

Participation is dynamic process aimed at involving the masses so that they can formulate their own end goals and work together to realise them. Masses cannot be forced to participate in projects which affect their lives but should be given the opportunity where possible. Empowerment Empowerment is an initiated process that enables the masses to gain power and extend it in such a way that they can use this power to share in changing social, economic and political structures. Empowerment is successful if the participants regard the result of their action as beneficial. Therefore participation is a cornerstone of empowerment. It is a prerequisite for achieving empowerment. Empowerment is one of the consequences of participation, which means that if we want masses to gain power, they must participate. Empowerment is generally seen as a key for good quality of life, increased human dignity, good governance, pro-poor growth, project effectiveness and improved service delivery (Narayan. 2002. 8.). Bureaucracy It means the structure and set of regulations that control the activities of people that work for these organizations. It is characterized by standardized procedure (rule-following), formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. Bureaucratic leader are concerned with ensuring workers follow rules and procedures accurately and consistently. The bureaucracy does not create or initiate policy, but it does implement policy decisions. Why mass participation and empowerment are important Empowerment puts people at the centre of the development process; it implies a participatory approach to development focusing on bottom-up approaches rather than top-down bureaucratic methods. Empowerment increases the capabilities of the poor to influence and hold accountable the institutions that provide for them. To this end, empowerment attempts to give power and knowledge to rural communities to assist in creating a better quality of life, so that in the future they will have the skills to rely less on external forces to provide vital services and infrastructure. Mass participation is an essential part of the process of good local governance, and empowerment. To be meaningful, these processes must be seen as fundamental values of Healthy Cities and so must be developed as an integral part of long-term strategic development. Empowerment of mass is associated with cleaner business and government, and better governance. Specifically, the greater their involvement in public life, the lower the level of corruption, even in countries with the same income, civil liberties, education, and legal institutions. Masses Empowerment through inclusion, voice, and accountability can also promote social cohesion and trust, qualities that help reduce corruption, reinforce government and project performance, and provide a conducive environment for reform, with consequential benefits for development effectiveness and economic growth. Finally, empowerment or lack of it can also have positive or negative socio-political effects on the outcomes of countries’ poverty reduction efforts. Why the concept of mass participation has been illusive in the third world There are some serious failures of the international community to contribute meaningfully to empowerment and participatory approaches. If countries are not willing to support countries that need help, then the future is bleak. Aid allocations need to increase if meaningful solutions are to occur. Making the rural poor involved in empowerment and participatory programs is hard to achieve due to their social exclusion. The gap between the poor in rural areas and those who are more wealthy is large and widening Because the rural poor are socially excluded, often development organisations such as the World Bank think of the poor are ignorant and complacent. More often they are not excluded from participating in projects in a meaningful way, due to pre existing biased views that they are not worthy, or indeed, have the skills to participate effectively. (Courtney et all in Godinot and Wodon (ed). 2006. 3). Lack of empowerment amongst rural people leads to their vulnerability and thus most development projects tend to benefit the benefactors rather than the beneficiaries. In light of this sustainable development is not achieved because non-participation of local people means that rural development is not self-sustaining. Therefore, local rural people play an important role in rural development because they understand their situation and problems better than the government, aid agencies and other stakeholders. This highlights the gap between the reality and ideal of empowerment and participatory development where the poor themselves are considered the centre of the process and the most vital players. Rural areas in developing countries experience large problems associated with access to basic amenities and services. Attempts to resolve this situation involve development programs using community empowerment in rural areas of developing nations to ameliorate instances of poverty. The aspirations deep inside the poor can only be brought out by making them the centre of the development process. They have difficulty expressing them due to their exclusion. How mass participation and empowerment are promoted or discouraged by the action of bureaucracy The problem with bureaucracy is that Executives want to control everything; even the simplest administrative decision has to be approved at the top. . One problem is unnecessary delays in outputs (Waterston 1965:259) , for even though there are more than enough officials in the lower administrative ranks, they are not effectively employed in the posts to which they were appointed. Political involvement of officials – when bureaucracy becomes involved in politics, this stimulates corruption. Officials start taking decision and performing actions that will benefit themselves, or groups in which they have an interest. Corruption is out of control. Development funds are siphoned off to hire friends or relatives. In some cases the money simply disappears. The misuse of office by government functionaries is relatively common in areas of public procurement, revenue collection, government appointments and contracts, licensing and permits. In these areas of specialty, graft and venality are readily executed through anyone of the following activities: The civil servant receives from a private contractor a fixed percentage of awarded government contracts; the kickback may be in kind, such as free education for the children in foreign institutions, or in cash, paid directly into bank account. Police or other law enforcement agents use the threat of sanctions to extort bribes in lieu of official fees or taxes. But paying bribes to avoid taxes or fees is equally damaging to society since governments depend on such revenues to provide public goods. The relative absence of revenues from taxes and fees also means less compensation for civil servants, which leads to more corrupt practices. One of the reasons adduced by low- level government employees for demanding bribes is the infrequency of their monthly salary. Government employees in essential services, e.g. law enforcement, electric power supply, telecommunication etc. Customs agents insist on payments above the official rates or side payments before providing requisite services to both importers and exporters. Those unwilling to pay bribes stand the chance of losing their merchandise through forfeiture or theft. Civil servants award large contracts to companies owned by relatives or partners, and in return receive an agreed upon fee or lavish hospitality. Officials responsible for permits and licenses demand extra payment for services ordinarily called for by their office; in cases where expediency is requested, a great deal more is demanded to speed-up the process. Bureaucracies’ themselves create the causes of corruption. Salaries are low, housing is poor, officials lack professional qualification and status, all of which means that officials do not feel motivated to do good work, or to be loyal to the organisation. When a country’s resources are continually misallocated by corrupt government officials bent on maximizing their short-run selfish interests, development is severely hindered through a multitude of social and economic dislocations. The bureaucracy is unresponsive to the needs of the public; there is an atmosphere of official’s indifference and unsympathetic attitude toward the needs of the people. This is caused by the strictly centralised nature of the bureaucracies, the lack of mass participation and consequent lack of contact with the populace. A bureaucracy, crucially, is not only a structure, a mere organigramme with functional relationships and roles. It is a group of people with lives, emotions, aspirations, energy, passion and values. Those that work in them often have strong values, great intentions and good ideas. Most want to do good and not be negative. Somehow, however, good intent can evaporate as the dynamic of the organizational ‘system’ unfolds. Can the positive virtues and potential of public sector bureaucracies and the people working in them be rediscovered? These include fostering fairness, equity, and equality of opportunity, being neutral and transparent. These are important achievements of democracy, yet the focus on efficiency can obscure these intentions. The most effective organizations are those where people feel they can be engaged and where their commitment to the organization lies beyond a contractual relationship and where a deeper emotional bond can be established both to the work itself and the organization. In these situations people feel they are able ’to be our true selves’ and to have a ‘creative presence’ so that working gives the sense of ‘pregnant possibilities’ and where they can develop ‘an intensity that feels and appears effortless’. Here energy and passion can come into alignment. Conclusion /My view The participation of communities in development projects is a major aspect of an empowering approach. Participation works well at the small scale. Community based organisations if trained correctly can manage and supervise locally based construction and maintenance activities very effectively (Meshack. 2004. 61). There is a fine balance between success and failure of participation in that it needs to be locally based with little input from external forces. Governments and donors can in fact undermine contributions made by the community in that they take over projects and locals lose their sense of ownership (Meshack. 2004. 61). Participation in development projects does however need outside stakeholders but the community needs to be the one driving the project, as there are many people who can contribute to a development project. Empowerment involves expanding the capabilities of the poor. Its main process involves putting the community at the centre of the development process. The community becomes empowered due to the fact that they have a certain degree of control over their own resources, they gain a sense of ownership over the service or infrastructure being provided. One of the main concepts involved in creating efficient empowering projects include the access of the community to information, as informed citizens make better development decisions. Accountability in the development process is another crucial aspect of an empowering approach. Increasing the capabilities of the poor specifically refers to local organisational capacity. This is when a community works together to mobilise resources and tackle problems as a group. This is another major process involved in community empowerment.

Iran and Us Relations

inter patriotic dealings in the midst of Iran and the unite States Group Paper Jorge Goytizolo, Donna Lin ars, Reuben Mateus INB3550 Inter home(a) argumentation Dr. Veronica Diaz, Professor 10/10/2010 We intend to present how approximately(prenominal) countries Iran and the linked States, ar affected economic al unmatchedy by the disagreeable dealinghip they shed forged, which has further worsened due to the get together Nations surety Council having added additional sanctions to Iran. Content de elucidate include floor of the US and Iran house servant and crinkle congenators. o Irans OPEC stand let off and report along with current Persian ends which ar change its approach to moving in transaction with the linked Nations and the rest of the globe. o f every(prenominal) in States affiliation with the linked Nations and how our tardilyst decision to contendds Iran is affecting the UN and its approach to the production line policies with Iran. o US and Iran foreign caper approach to the world. o Direct US and Iran Relations. History of the US and Iran domestic and job dealing. The History of get together States-Iran relations ensure back to the 1800s, unless has become much volatile in just all everywhere the last half century. ace squeeze bulge out non discuss coupled States-Iranian taradiddle without observing the 1953 putsch, which has been cited as the go point in united States-Iran relations. The 1953 Coup was a covert operation headed by Americas Central Intelligence Agency and has been attested as the Agencys graduation exercise successful reverse of a foreign brass. The Aim of the 1953 Coup, rule named Operation AJAX, was to bring to agent an Iranian government which would reach an equitable crude color settlement, enabling Iran to become economically levelheaded and monetaryly solvent, and which would vigorously prosecute the dangerously strong Communist Party (Iran bedroom Society , n. d. ) Early in the 1960s, the Shah of Iran, inform kindly and economic re orchestrates but ref utilise to grant bighearted political freedom.Iranian interior(a)ist condemned his linked States support administration and his westernizing of Iran. During rioting in 1963, the Shah nutlike down, suppressing his opposition. Among those arrested and exi guide was a popular unearthly nationalist and bitter foe of the united States, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (Jimmy Carter depository library Museum, 2006). During his unify States backed reign, the Shah spent billions of oil dollars on multitude weapons, but in brief began to lose popular support. Unable to substantiate economic overture and un entrusting to go democratic freedoms, the Shahs regime collapsed in variety (Jimmy Carter Library & Museum, 2006), causing him to flee January 16, 1979.With the personnel casualty of the Shah, the exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini bring toed to Iran in February of 1979 brin ging rabid anti-Americanism with him. Amidst recital and fear of an early(a)(a) unite States led Coup and a return to force of the exiled Shah Reza Pahlavi, a group from the Iranian educatee Union took matters into their own men by seizing the American Embassy. Inside the American Embassy the students held 52 Americans hostage for 444 twenty-four hour periods. The unite States responded by freezing billions of Iranian assets, including bank deposits, gold, and early(a) property. This purget became bring a go at itn as the 1979 hostage Crisis. The 1979 Hostage Crisis had drawn domestic criticisms against professorship Jimmy Carter.Criticisms of president Carter further grew with failed speech attempts of the American hostages, some of which resulted in the deaths of American Soldiers whose bodies were paraded in front of television cameras by angry Iranians. This political nightm be prevented death chair Carters bid for re-election and promptly came to a rigorous t he day President Ronald Regan was inaugurated January 20, 1981. The Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980-1988, played a significant role in linked States-Iran relations. The joined Nations Security Council issued resolutions calling for all its member states to avoid from contributing to the Iran-Iraq conflict, and is why the unite States initially decided to appropriate a neutral position.Although it had supplied both countries with weapons, the joined States decided that an Iranian win would bring up to be detrimental to their interests in the area and began to guide their support behind an Iraqi Regime led by President ibn Talal Hussein Hussein. This support came in the form of loans, some of which benefited joined States industries and all objet dart the untaught of Iran was cosmos hammered with many a(prenominal) American enforced sanctions. In the 1990s the United States placed more sanctions on Iran. In 1995, President Bill Clinton banned United States investments with Iran, prohibiting all commercial and fiscal proceeding with Iran. This measure was unfortunate, as trade relations amongst the 2 nations had begun to increase after the end of the Iran-Iraq War.In 1996, the United States passed into law one of its just about stringent measures to affect Iran, the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act. intentional to prevent Irans ability to get its hands on weapons of mass destruction and stock certificate terrorist groups, the Iran-Libya Sanction Act oblige penalties on all foreign companies that provided investments over $20 million dollars for the development of cypher heavens (petroleum) in Iran. Any progress fuck off in United States-Iran relations late in President Clintons second edge was soon forgotten, as the bare-assed American President George W. Bush came into great supply. The events on folk 11, 2001 feel scarred relations between America and Iran to a point that appears irreparable.Although Iran was non baffling in the 9/11 attacks, the United States feels Iran harbors and supports the terrorist who threaten America and its interests. The United States and Iran are not at war, but both countries collect peppered each other over the last decade with rhetorical missiles. Some of the accusations include the fear of Irans atomic weapons ambitions and its alleged membership to the Axis of shabbiness, while Iran feels the encroachment of United States military bases in the region provide crusade for furthering armaments and political jousting. Despite each countrys patronage for each other the twain countries relate to do cable together. U. S. Exports to Iran grew more than tenfold during President Bushs years in office even as sponsoring terrorist (Associated Press, 2008).The Bush disposition utilize sanction exemptions to ship a variety of goods to Iran ranging from perfume and fur dress to cigarettes and bull semen. both the United States and Iran joined the United Nations on October 24, 1945 , however the United States represents 1 of 5 eternal members of the United Nations Security Council and Iran is currently not even a non-permanent member. Although Iran is not a member of the Security Council, it has two brawny consort in China and Russia who are permanent members. The latest decisions towards Iran have obviously been affecting the regulations now imposed by the United Nations Security Council. Sanctions issued by the Security Council are primarily intended to disrupt progress in Irans ability to obtain atomic weapons and build its military.United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan strain announced at the Security Council brush that the resolution will target 40 entities and one individual, Javad Rihiqi, head of a nuclear center where the Iranian government possesses uranium. It was describe that China, one of Irans largest trading partners, had pushed back on more stringent language, saying that broader restrictions specially those targeting Ir ans Central Bank would harm Irans day-after-day thriftiness (Wagner, 2010). Russia has been reluctant to support United States backed sanctions, as Iran and Russia trade in the range of billions of dollars annually. From 2002 to 2008 Russia and China exported a unite 80 percent (by dollar value) of Irans arms.These sanctions are now being recognized not sole(prenominal) if in spite of appearance the United Nations Security Council, but in like manner by financial powers, such as the European Union. under(a) the strain of sanctions and the Iran-Libya Sanction Act, some members of the European Union have been critical of the United States causing it to compromise on the first realise cited as a usurpation of the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act by waiving sanctions on the 2 billion dollar project. The Clinton Administration announced the waiver on May 18, 1998, citing national interest, after the European Union promise to increased cooperation with the United States on non-prolifer ation and counter-terrorism (Katzman, 2003).The Bush Administration decided followed equip with collaborative efforts with the European Union and its members to vergeinal point Irans nuclear ambitions and terrorism sponsorship, preserving the path for approaching sanction waivers. Irans OPEC affiliation and history Irans OPEC Affiliation began early in the 1960s,when a overture together request was get through to the oil companies operating in Venezuela and in the mediate east by the Venezuelan government minister of mines and the Saudi Oil minister, to chatter with the hosting countries forward any price changes were make. be this meeting were the representatives of Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. In that atmosphere, the footing of the geological formation of Petroleum Exporting Countries was formed. Hamilton, 1983) Currently, the Organization has a total of 12 member Countries. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a perm anent, intergovernmental Organization, bring aboutd at the Baghdad Conference on September 1014, 1960, presently with its meeting headquarters located now in Vienna, Austria (OPEC, 2007). OPECs objectives still today is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among appendage Countries, in ordination to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry (OPEC, 2007).Irans business relation in regards to its affiliation with the United Nations has been weakened in most part because of the correlativity with the United States. Currently we have seen that the US has tried to prove magazine and eon again that the monies directly benefiting Iran through their returns from the oil, and gas pedal sector are being funneled into making the country a nuclear power (Alverez, 2009). Iran, OPECs second largest exporter with an output of 4. 2 million barrels per day, traditionally pushes for higher(prenominal) prices. It is alike one of the most aquiline on oil exports, with some 80 percent of its foreign revenue coming from oil sales (OPEC, 2007).In addition to this, Masoud Mir-Kazemi as Irans brand-new oil minister stated in August that Iran plans to exsert 5 billion Euros in bonds by 2015 to help Iran finance government projects (Nagaraj, 2010). This is beyond a shadow of a doubt leading the UN to assume the projects are those of a nuclear matter and are reservoir to take steps in the agreement of sanctions until it can prove otherwise. line of merchandise relations with the United Nations The U. N. Security Council approved a resolution calling for a new round of sanctions aimed at pressuring Iran on its nuclear computer programme. The measure passed with 12 countries voting for it, brazil-nut tree and jokester voting against and Lebanon abstaining (Wagner,2010).Mir-Kazemi s assist his country al ready sold some 250 million Euros ($342 million) bonds in foreign markets. He also said the countries which pursue the sanctions have managed only to deprive themselves of the chance to tap into some of the worlds largest proven militia of conventional crude oil. If they want to have a secure long-term sinew supply, they have to invest in Irans oil industry, he said (Nagaraj,2010). Iran good aware of its abundant natural pick knows it has negotiating power. They continually stand by the position that they state the nuclear significance is only linked to breaching its countrys theme with plants to provide power and energy .In 2009, the 25-3 ballot by the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UNs nuclear watchdog, was then seen as a sign of deepening exasperation over the impasse when they stated that Iran had the right to produce nuclear power for peaceful purposes, which is what is says it wants to do (Alverez, 2009). It has been asked by the IAEA to discuss eviden ce of warhead-related question activities but has refused. Having been caught cheating in the historic, its repeat denials have little credibility (Alverez, 2009). This is where the UN has its most concerns focused on. The UN wants more transparency to this project and with Iran denial to the inspections they then feel press to pursue the newer sanctions.The resolution puts in place travel bans and financial restrictions on individuals and entities involved in Iranian nuclear and/or ballistic missile activities, including those owned, controlled or playing on behalf of Irans elite Revolutionary hold up Corps. It also includes an arms embargo and pushes for inspection of ships suspected of carrying cargo that may be involved in Irans nuclear program (Wagner, 2010). With a history stemming back roughly more than a quarter of a century the latest round of imposed sanctions on Iran by the US have been the toughest we have seen yet. These sanctions are now being recognized not only within the Security Council of the UN but also by financial powers such as the EU.These entities tarry their efforts exhausting to persuade all countries financial institutes not to deal with Iran. US and Iran International demarcation approach to the world United States and Iran have two totally contrary approaches. United States lifts leave markets, competitiveness and innovation. United States also promotes sustainable development and bodily responsibility, supported by world-wide mesh topology and prudent regulation. All these activities and efforts are monitored and control by the USCIB (United States Council for International Business).As the whole world is trying to move from recession, United States promotes open markets along with competitiveness and innovation we can see it in all the international summits, meetings in which United States participates. An example of this was when United States (USCIB) took the leading role n the G8 business summi t in Italy. United States also was one of the participants of the G20 business summit in London in which the worlds largest economies agreed to a $1. 1 meg package of measure to restore growth, jobs and remodel confidence and trust in the financial system. All these countries including United States came together to maintain the economy recession. United States has the same ideas and goals towards international businesses and wants to make it work around the world. On the other hand we have Iran that overshadowed all the efforts for world progress and development by not being in ossification with its international obligations and announcing the development of its nuclear program. Irans approach to international business is little. Iran is part of the OPEC, which we had previously discussed. The main reason why Irans does business with other countries is to aid its goals in becoming a powerful nuclear country. The reason why Irans is so hungry for nuclear power is because it feels the need to protect itself against the development of capitalism, especially in other countries such as like the ones geographically close (Israel). Irans government is linked to the country religious beliefs. reinvigorated movements within the country itself are trying to change this approach towards the world by gearing and convincing its citizens that capitalism will help the country get out of their financial crisis. Unfortunately, Iran, like many other countries, is being divided by two social classes the educated and professional middle class and the laborers or poor class. The laborers or poor class are the bulk on this country they support the real(a) government (President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad) and his decisions. Once Iran and its citizens make the decision that opening up and cooperating with the world they may realize that it would improve their countrys establishment. Direct US and Iran Business Relations Based on the research made by a renown New York pr ison terms reporter and veteran correspondent, Stephen Kinzer he recommend the alliance of Iran, United States and flop would the best way to increase the business and politics relations between these 3 countries. He stated that it would be a fore new course for the United States in the Middle Eastern region. The United States need to partner with Iran and Turkey to create a powerful triangle whose activities would promote a culture democracy and assail extremism. This is a debatable argument. At this time we have Iran, rule by root ideologies and have set its mind on a burgeoning nuclear program.As we all know this one of United State governments biggest headaches. Stephen Kinzer also reiterated that we have to return that although Turkey is a long time United States ally, their relations has been deteriorated in the past years. An example of this deterioration it can be seen on an incident placed on last June where the relationship between these two countries was tested, T urkeys representative on the UN Security Council voted against United States regarding backed sanctions on Iran. At this result most of the United States government is asking themselves Who mixed-up Turkey? rather than envisioning more blanket(a) cooperation with this country. Even hough United States and Iranian relations are a long term project and the idea has ample foundation garment in the modern history and politics of the region unlike other Moslem countries Iran has a century worth of arrive struggling for political freedom, during which they developed an soul of democracy and they are longing for it. Unites States and Iran do share some fundamental values. Both countries have educated middle class, as we all know the middles classes are the undercoat for a strong civil corporation and also the two countries share strategical goals. Some of these common goals are the desire to see Iraq and Afghanistan stabilized and to suppress radical movements such as th e Sunnis and Al Qaeda. though this alliance or relations would not be achieve at this moment or in todays worlds until Iran changes dramatically and turn into democracy before any relations could be formed. One way this relation could happen still unclear but in the slowdown Stephen Kinzer proposes a twofold strategy consider with the current regime as effectively as possible and wait for the day democratically minded masses make their way to power. Though there are some processes of engagement in the Obama administrations stated policy Kinzer urges capital letter to be bolder and to launch a direct, bilateral, comprehensive, and compressed negotiations with Tehran.This process of engagement was practiced by President Nixon and his diplomatic breakthrough with communistic China when at the time of the US-Vietnam war Beijing was selling weapons to North Vietnam to polish Americans. Nixon recognized that diplomacy works the reverse gear way. Agreement comes first change s in behaviour follow. In order to set forth the direct US relations with Iran, US diplomacy needs to give Iranians what they are looking for respect, dignity and restoration of lost of pride We have to remember us-USA is dealing with a nation ten quantify older than ourselves and the key to turn to better relationships with Iran is not to make Irans regime feel more threatened it is to make it feel more secure. References Akyol, M. (2010, September). An unlikely trio. strange Affairs, 89(5), 124-129. (Akyol, 2010) Alverez, J. (2009). In the era of a new presidency, a new us. policy towards the united nations? us policies towards and in the un security council. ISIA ledger of International Comparative Law, 15(319), 228-231. Associated Press. (2008, July 8). Despite Conflict, U. S. Does Business with Iran.Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/25588135 Hamilton, J. (1983). Oil and macro economy since World War II. Journal of governmental Ec onomy, 91(2). Harvey, C. , Sabatini, R. (2010, April 15). Russias Lukewarm Support for International Sanctions Against Iran History and Motivations. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. nti. org/e_research/e3_russia_lukewarm_sanctions_against_iran. html Iran Chamber Society. (n. d. ). A Short Account of 1953 Coup. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. iranchamber. com/history/coup53/coup54p1. php Jimmy Carter Library & Museum. (2006, February 9). The Hostage Crisis in Iran.Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. jimmycarterlibrary. gov/documents/hostages. phtml Katzman, K. (Updated 2003, July 31). The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA). Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//fpc. state. gov/documents/ disposal/23591. pdf Kinzer, S. (2010). Iran, Turkey and Americas future. clip Books, 274 London Summit. (2009). Summit Outcomes. Retrieved from http//www. londonsummit. gov. uk/en/summit-aims/timeline-events/summit-outcomes McMahon, Robert. (Updated 2006, April 4). I ran, the United Nations, and Sanctions. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. cfr. org/publication/10222/iran_the_united_nations_and_sanctions. html Nagaraj, A. (2010).Iran has some of the worlds richest oil reserves but has not been able to fully utilize it due to production and refining constraints. International Business , Retrieved from http//www. ibtimes. com/articles/64168/20100921/us-un-sanctions-turkey-iran-middle-east. htm Nasr, V. (2009). The rise of Islamic capitalism why the new Muslim middle class is the key to defeating extremism. New York, NY Free Press. The National Security Archive. (2003, February 25). Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein The US Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from httpwww. gwu. edu/nsarchive/NSAEBB/NSABB82/ (References continued) OPEC. (2007, April 29). Member countries.Retrieved from http//www. opec. org/opec_web/en/ on September 18, 2010 Wagner, A. (White hall Correspondent). (2010). United nations security counci l backs new sanctions on iran. Web. Retrieved from http//www. politicsdaily. com/2010/06/08/iran-united-nations-sanctions-and-the-new-world-order/ Nova Southeastern University Farquhar Center for Undergraduate Studies Business Administrative Studies Division grant for mannikin INB 3550 International Business Submitted to Dr. Veronica Diaz Submitted by Donna M Linares, on Behalf of Group Jorge Goytizolo, Donna Linares, Reuben Mateus 9118 Palos Verde Dr Orlando FL 32825 07-625-1854 nonspecific urethritis N00717427 Date Submission Due October 9th 2010 title of respect of Assignment Group Paper object CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP I evidence that I am the author of this root and that any assistance I veritable in its preparation is fully acknowledge and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or wrangle, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. 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