Comparative Economic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Relative Economic - Research Paper Example The effect of progress in oil costs is legitimately connected to all nations on the planet and since the chose nations are significant players in the market, their monetary conditions direct oil costs in universal markets, subsequently indirectly affect the whole world. The reason for this examination is to consider the general financial and ecological states of different nations in a particular district having comparative land limits, so as to recognize and analyze the impacts of comparative monetary variables on these nations. 'The Sultanate of Oman is arranged on the southeast corner of the Arabian Peninsula and is situated between Latitudes 16 40' and 26 20' North and Longitudes 51 50' and 59 40' East' (Oman Ministry of Tourism, n.d.). Oman controls a little territory on Musandam Peninsula which is connected to Strait of Hormuz. Because of its situation at the mouth of Guld, the nation has a critical key significance (ArabNet, n.d.). Oman's coastline is just about 1,300 miles in length. Absolute zone is 212,460 km2. The atmosphere is hot and dry with normal temperature from 64 to 93 degrees Fahrenheit. Increment in soil saltiness and absence of new water are the stressing factors for government. Saudi Arabia is the biggest nation on the Arabian Peninsula having fringes with Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, UAE and Yemen. It has Persian Gulf to its upper east and Red Sea to its west. The complete region of Saudi Arabia is 2,149,690 km2, which is very nearly multiple times more noteworthy than Oman. The vast majority of the region is desert, consequently outrageous temperatures are watched. Desertification, consumption of water assets, and waterfront contamination from oil slicks are significant worries for the nation. Desalination plants have been introduced to deal with water lack issue (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). UAE is arranged in the southeast of Arabian Peninsula and has an absolute territory of 83,600 km2, least of the three nations. Like Saudi Arabia, most piece of the nation is desert, thus outrageous temperatures are seen. Absence of common new water assets, desertification, and sea shore contamination from oil slicks are a portion of the significant issues that the nation faces, like Saudi Arabia. 4. People According to July 2006 appraisals, the all out populace of Oman is 3,102,229 with right around 577,000 exiles functioning as non-nationals. As opposed to this, the joined populace of the seven conditions of UAE is 2,602,713, according to 2006 assessments. This shows UAE is all the more thickly populated when contrasted with Oman, because of moderately higher populace living in lesser absolute territory. Saudi Arabia is the most vigorously populated of the three with all out populace of 27,019,273 according to 2006 appraisals (CIA Fact Book, 2007). The populace development rate is most elevated for Oman, and is 3.28%. UAE has the least development pace of the gathering with just 1.52% expansion in populace every year. Populace development rate for Saudi Arabia is 2.18%. In Oman, 75% of the populace in Ibadhi Muslims, and the remainder of 25% incorporate Sunni Muslims, Shi'a Muslims and Hindus. So also, UAE has 96% Muslim occupants (counting 16% Shi'a Muslims), others incorporate Hindus and Christians. Saudi Arabia is the main nation on the planet that has 100% Muslim populace. The official language of Oman is Arabic, yet Eglish, Baluchi, Urdu and Hindi is likewise spoken. The national language of UAE is likewise Arabic however since an enormous bit of populace is non-Arabic, thus English, Persian, Urdu and Hindi

Soccer Team Essays - FIFA 100, Ronaldo, Fernando Torres, Down

Landon Donovan down the sideline he goes searching for a pass. There?s the opening to Kei Kamara down the left side. Donovan snares it, Kamara running toward the inside and bounces; his head hits the ball toward the upper left corner of the objective. Cruising, Sailing and it?s great! Objective by Kamara, helped by Donovan; what a play by these two cooperating. This is the thing that it is tied in with cooperating as group to take care of business. What does it take to take care of business? All things considered, everything comes down to devotion, difficult work and solidarity of a group. How does this make a decent soccer group? It doesn't just relate to soccer yet any group in actuality. Commitment is the condition of taking the necessary steps to succeed. On the off chance that you are committed to playing a game you don?t surrender or even consider that. You may state ?hello, what do I have to never really better.? Perhaps, go up to your mentor and see what they state you have to do. This is the thing that individuals in reality accomplish for their employments. Like an understudy truly needing to get into medications school; they will do all that they can to do only that and possess little energy for whatever else. So being devoted is a key to progress as a group for in the event that you get everybody committed to the game, at that point everybody needs to improve leaving the group to just prevail over the long haul. Difficult work is simply the will to prepare to conquer boundaries. When at training what are you going to do? Make a halfhearted effort resemble that is adequate for me, I don?t need to work. Potentially, you will be out there all set at whatever point you are in a drill or changing to another drill. Perhaps this implies you will do whatever you have to do to satisfy your activity on the field. Difficult work the will to come out of your usual range of familiarity to succeed where you need or need to succeed. Solidarity is the condition of joining into one or being joined together. I don't get this' meaning to get one? This implies with every one of the eleven players on the field; you need them to meet up and become one unit rather than eleven distinct individuals, utilizing their ability to make themselves look great. OK need your primary care physicians? what's more, medical caretakers? to work independently and not converse with one another, or would you like for them to all cooperate and improve you. You are a piece of the group so become one unit and help each other out. The individuals in your group resemble your siblings and sisters deal with one another. At the point when you have this going on you are a unit or a few people would consider the group a family. I put Sporting Kansas City to this trial of commitment, difficult work and solidarity as a group. They set forth the difficult work, they have the devotion and they fill in as a unit going here and there the field. To see this goes for a group I additionally put the Highland Rugby crew through the test. I get indistinguishable outcomes from I accomplished for Sporting Kansas City. You see this goes for any group just as for going on through life. So now will you go out and make a big deal about yourself by conquering impediments, being committed to your work and work as a unit to achieve your objectives. Ten seconds stay in the game; we have an objective kick being taken by Jimmy Nielson. He kicks it to the correct side Fernando Torres gets the show on the road and turns it up field. Spilling down the side line he could go as far as possible. No, he eases back somewhere around the objective line looks to the center and sees Cristiano Ronaldo setting up in the center sitting tight for the shot by Torres. Torres sends the ball cruising to the focal point of the punishment box; where Ronaldo tossing his body into the air, presently expanding his advantage and out. The ball meets his foot cruising toward

Napoleon Bonaparte Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Napoleon Bonaparte - Research Paper Example This examination paper depicts life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Numerous students of history acknowledge and recognize Napoleon as truly outstanding and incredible men ever. He was leader of the French who reinforced and regulated a ton of rebuilding of the French Revolution, that happened during 1789 to 1799. Napoleon, even today, is viewed as a standout amongst other military authorities, time. This exploration pape is all around organized and isolated in 6 sections. The researche concentrates most on depicting Napoleon Bonaparte’s place ever, investigates his questionable status as a legend or a scalawag, portrayed Napoleon Bonaparte's years at St. Bernard and furthermore profoundly broke down the greatest slip-up in his life - the Russian Campaign. In this exploration paper full introduction on the Russian Campaign is given. It mentiones some significant realities, for example, Napoleon's certainty that he would win, the quantity of troops he had, war methodologies that was utilized both by him and by Russians and his annihilation. In finish of this examination paper, creator expresses that without the progressions that Napoleon brought into impact in numerous nations, these countries may in any case be in the national demolition that they were before Napoleon dominating. The French transformation stimulated and glided new thoughts relating to equality, equity, freedom, and the very idea of social contact. Creator reasons that the courageous endeavors of Napoleon in fight, yet in addition in the French society because of the French insurgency ought to be recalled until the end of time.

English Literature Essay Introduction Example For Students

English Literature Essay Introduction Chinua Achebes primary worry in Things Fall Apart is to depict the impact white men have on customary Ibo society. Examine how adequately this has been accomplished all through the novel. In Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe attempts to dissipate the legend of savage African ancestral culture. He does this by making a perplexing and thoughtful representation of a customary town culture in Africa. Achebe is attempting not exclusively to educate the outside world about Ibo social customs, yet in addition to help his own kin to remember their past and to declare that it had contained a lot of significant worth. Very numerous Africans (, for example, the Christian proselytes in the second 50% of the novel) were prepared to acknowledge the European judgment that Africa had no history or culture worth considering. Achebe furiously despises the generalization of Africa as an undifferentiated crude land, the core of obscurity, as Conrad calls it. All through the novel he shows how African societies fluctuate among themselves and how they change after some time. He shows the peruser a settled socialized society with its own traditions and convictions. One of Achebes fundamental objectives all through the novel is to show how the colonizing white men disintegrate and obliterate a human advancement. This post colonialist novel is composed through the eyes of the individuals being colonized. A case of a differentiating post colonialist novel would be Joseph Conrads The Heart Of Darkness which is composed through the eyes of the colonizer. This consequently makes a differentiating view point. I felt that the way that I had perused The Heart Of Darkness helped me accomplish a more profound and considerably more precise comprehension of the two books, as I could see the circumstance from both view focuses. Achebe promptly builds up his point of view from inside Umuofia (which is Ibo for individuals of the woodland) at an early stage in the novel. The more extensive world comprises of the gathering of nine related towns which include Umuofia and certain different towns like Mbaino. The contention among Umuofia and Mbaino in section two shows a reasonable and legitimate equity framework. The contention is settled with no more passings or brutality. This shows there is no requirement for the District Commissioner. The procedure of substitution, Mbaino giving a youthful virgin lady as a relief to the killed womans spouse and removing the child of the killer and offering him to Umuofia appears to be extremely just. Achebe is unobtrusively recommending that this intelligent arrangement of pacification is more cultivated than the white pilgrims hypothesis tit for tat equity framework. In the event that the puishment was in the hands of the white men they would have basically hung the killer. That would be the finish of the issue. The casualties would hence get nothing back separated from the conceivable feeing of retribution. The tribe has a characterized and reasonable structure which permits any man who is persevering and having the right to flourish the extent that he is happy to go paying little heed to his family foundation. Achebe states that a man was decided by his value not the value of his dad. Achebe later fortifies this point with a solid metaphor. If a kid washed his hands he could eat with lords With this point Achebe adequately appears once more that in certain regards Ibo culture has all the earmarks of being more pleasant than that of the white settlers. In England in the late 1800s there was a reasonable isolation between the social classes. It would have been practically outlandish for a man originating from a comparable foundation to Okonkwo ( one of neediness and sluggishness ) in England as of now to ascend to any sort of social height in his general public. Both of the above focuses show how Achebe successfully shows that the Ibo culture is a cultivated and reasonable one. He even ventures to recommend that a portion of the Ibo customs and methods of managing debates may even be prevalent. .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 , .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .postImageUrl , .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 , .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:hover , .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:visited , .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:active { border:0!important; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:active , .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:hover { darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5c2b3 8b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5c2b38b058cbf23abe7bf835a0815022:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Holden Caufield’s Character in Catcher in the Rye EssayAchebe utilizes Okonkwo to show that likewise with any development there are savage people however this isn't because of the Ibo culture it is absolutely because of his poor adolescence and is a piece of his tendency. I do anyway feel that it is a misstep by Achebe to show how gently brutal guilty parties, for example, Okonwo are managed. This shows predisposition and that the Ibo culture doesn't absolutely censure savagery and regularly chooses to disregard it. This is an issue in the way of life however then again it would be silly of Achebe to depict the Ib o culture as a perfect one. Achebe utilizes the initial fourteen parts in a significant part of a similar way, he makes focuses like the abovementioned and leaves the peruser to make examinations which viably challenge the settler society. He likewise utilizes these parts to clarify and characterize the Ibo culture. This may appear to be unessential to the genuine topic of the novel anyway this couldn't possibly be more off-base. This initial segment of the novel is utilized by Achebe to show that the Ibo culture might be totally different yet is still incredibly socialized and whenever left alone would have been more than equipped for enduring. He outlines this through incalculable models principally through the duration of Okonkwo utilizing Okonkwo to air individual perspectives and as an extraordinary. The individual utilization of Okonkwo permits Achebe to utilize an engaging style of generic editorial, which permits the peruser to increase a genuine vibe of what life resembled in Umuofia. This comprehension inside the peruser makes compassion during the second piece of the book and fortifies how the white men crushed a human advancement. This is the explanation for the definite knowledge into Ibo culture. It is additionally intriguing to note in part nineteen how the Ibo can welcome back a blundering part once he has paid for his wrongdoing. In numerous societies Okonkwo would be treated as a pariah, however this culture has methods of obliging such an individual without decimating him, and in truth urging him to put forth a valiant effort. This again demonstrates the Ibo to be more pleasant than the homesteaders. The examination being that a criminal in the late 1800s in England would discover it amazingly difficult to shake off partiality and be completely acknowledged go into society subsequent to serving his punishment. In section fourteen we get the primary direct prologue to the colonialists. The story is a chilling one of how a whole town was obliterated for slaughtering one white man. This shows the peruser the mercilessness of the white settlers. Once more Achebe offers the conversation starter, Are the Ibo actually the crude ones?

Symbolism in Automobile Creation Essay Example

Imagery in Automobile Creation Essay Example Imagery in Automobile Creation Essay Imagery in Automobile Creation Essay Name: Educator: Course: Date: Imagery in Automobile Creation The vehicle has a history that is very brightened. From the main vehicle made to introduce day world class machines the cerebrums behind these magnificent machines have shown their affection for the work from multiple points of view. One specific occasion that shows this association with the creator is Henry Ford’s formation of the Edsel. Passage demonstrated this association by naming the vehicle after his child (Gunn, section 3). This represented his incredible fondness for the Edsel. It was anyway a frustrating creation for the Ford partnership. In a meeting with NPR staff about his book Engines of Change, Paul Ingrassia shows the images spoke to by specific vehicles. From Ford to Ingrassia vehicles were utilized to give some imagery. Autos were here and there taken to speak to numerous things a factor, which influenced in an incredible way people’s societies and way of life. In an article on Newsday essayist Malcolm Gunn breaks down the presentation of the Edsel. As indicated by Gunn, this line of vehicles was an ideal case of a bombed creation. The Edsel, made around fifty years back, took the Ford establishment roughly two years to create and cost them a huge number of dollars. It was named after Ford’s child Edsel (Gunn passage 3). The enterprise had anticipated that the vehicle should be a significant achievement in the market since it was made when the car business was encountering an assembling blast. It was considered when Ford had not many solid contenders, for example, Volkswagen so it will undoubtedly have an effect on the car advertise. Portage had chosen to acquaint this model with fulfill the ever-expanding interest for autos. It should be alluring so as to speak to purchasers. From promotions and holes from the press, potential clients were equipped towards something phenomenally unique in relation to the typical Ford vehicles. At th e point when the vehicle was at last discharged, it turned into an object of joke from both the media and the individuals. The subject of joke was the grille that hung among the bumpers (Gunn section 5). In view of the grille, the Ford establishment couldn't make their foreseen deals significantly after Ford attempted to make significant adjustments to its plan. The Edsel named after Ford’s child, turned into a subject of funniness for an exceptionally lengthy timespan a while later. In a meeting with NPR’s Scott Simon, Paul Ingrassia the writer of Engines of Change, a book that investigates fifteen verifiable vehicles and what they spoke to during their time, discusses the imagery joined to vehicles. In the book, Ingrassia exhibits how the car business has influenced the American culture and lifestyles. Ingrassia says in the meeting that the fifteen vehicles he picked were the most powerful on the American resident (NPR passage 3). Ingrassia says that parts of the American culture and history can be caught by various autos. In the meeting, he refers to a few models; his first model is the Chevy Corvette. Ingrassia says that since this vehicle was presented in 1953, when Elvis Presley recorded music, Hugh Hefner established the Playboy and the Korean War finished it was along these lines an image of harmony and opportunity (NPR section 6). He additionally says that the Volkswagen creepy crawly was an image of harmony, love and since it presented during the 1950’s the American individuals got it as an indication of their abhorrence to the indulgent conduct of American purchasers. About the Mustang, Ingrassia says it affected American culture. It represented the presentation of an energetic modest vehicle. This was critical in light of the fact that it urged American families to possess two vehicles. Ingrassia makes reference to the Prius and says it was representative in view of its shape. He says that it was a mechanical magnum opus. This characteristic and its shape made it a commonly recognized name in America during now is the right time (NPR section 10). Toward the finish of the meeting, Ingrassia says that the car business has incredible potential and there was still a ton of chance that it might produce also compelling vehicles. Blueprint From the above articles and the models given, vehicles have been utilized as images from numerous points of view since the commencement of the car business. The imagery can be seen from the manufacturer’s point of view (Ford) and from the customer’s viewpoint (Ingrassia). From the manufacturer’s point of view, the vehicle spoke to something they appreciated and along these lines impacted his psyche from the beginning. From Ford’s model, the Edsel was a task that he held near his heart. He had named it after his child and in this way had elevated requirements on its exhibition. The way that Edsel spoke to somebody he truly cherished can't be questioned. Passage infused a ton of cash and work power into this venture since he didn't need it to come up short. In any event, when all signs indicated that the line of vehicles was fizzling, he despite everything attempted to rescue it my creation more changes. The disappointment of the Edsel can likewise be genera lly ascribed to the manner in which the media utilized the grille in their joke. The grille had various names labeled on it for example among some circle it was called â€Å"an Oldsmobile sucking a lemon† (Gunn, section 6). Maybe such names that represented obsolete automotives were reasons why the Edsel never got. This is a case of how this imagery influenced culture and people’s lifestyle. This imagery can likewise be seen from the Ingrassia portrayal of what chronicled vehicles represented. The American populace see vehicles as per what occasion or part of their life specific vehicles caught. This imagery influenced to a great extent the sort of vehicles they purchased and why they got them. As delineated by Ingrassia, individuals here and there purchased vehicles to pass a message, similar to the instance of the Volkswagen bug. This imagery in the car business had and still has an incredible effect in the manner individuals act and vehicles are still images of culture and way of life. Gunn, Malcolm. â€Å"Ford Edsel: Shiny grille Derailed a Sure Success.† Newsday, Feb 11. 2013. Web. Feb 23. 2013. Staff, NPR. â€Å"In ‘Engines’, A History of America Through Cars.† NPR Books, May 01. 2012. Web. Feb 23. 2013.

Immigration Essay - 1100 Words

Immigration (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:American ImmigrantsWhen people feel that their mother country does not offer them what they desire in life, they decide to seek it in other countries. The immigrant issue is an issue that many countries have to deal with human. Immigration is an issue that has been there for many years; there are, however, nations which have a high number of immigrants than others with the US being one of the nations with a high number of immigrants.Immigrants who have moved to the US have given various reasons for their migration and why they preferred to move to the US and not any other county. America is one of the leading developed nations and many people view it to be a land of opportunity, those who migrate to the US have high hopes that their lives would change, and standards of living would improve. One main reason why people move to the US is to search for employment or better employment opportunities than the ones available in their native countries. T here are immigrants who are money oriented, and they have a perception that America is the best country for anyone to make money. Apart from money and employment, there are those who move to the US since it is nation that offers it people freedom and liberty. Even in the modern world where the freedom of the people should be given priority by any government, there are nations which do not respect the freedom of the people; however, America is one of the highest ranked in terms of respect for the freedom of the people. There are political immigrants who have moved to the US because they get a chance to express their political freedom, others have feel that there is economic freedom in America than other nations such as France and Germany. Many young people have migrated to the US in search of better education; there are many institutions which offer quality education and are globally recognized, and it is the dream of any young person seeking for college or university education to en roll in such institutions. Many parents have sent their children to the US as they want them to receive quality education, once the children complete their education they do not go back to their country; they seek for employment in the US and end up becoming US citizens. Once people move and settle on the US, their family members back in their native countries also move to join them, and they gradually become US citizens.Once people move to the US, there are those who are able to find the opportunities they were looking for while others are faced by frustration, some even end up deported back to their countries. One of the first challenges that immigrants face once they land in the US is culture shock, people, find themselves in a new country whose cultures are different from theirs. Immigrants find themselves in a situation where they have to change their diet, their mode of dressing; they have to find new friends are even faced with a language challenge. Before one adapts to the n ew culture, it takes a period whereby some people go through a period of depression. Financial challenges also face many immigrants especially those who move to the cities where the cost of living is very high. Some young guys end up committing crimes such as drug trafficking due to the need for money to sustain their survival in a new country. Immigrants of Asian and African origin face discrimination from the White American, there are others who are even suspected to be criminals; such experiences can be quite depressing to an extent where some people even commit suicide. Immigrants also face discriminations from various institutions in the US such as residential schools whereby the large population is made of white Americans. Employees are also reluctant to employ immigrants which is a challenge brought about by racial discrimination. Those who manage to get employed receive low wages and salaries compared to what employees of American origin receive. Immigrants from nations asso ciated with terrorism such as Somali, Iraq and Afghanistan are even sometimes arrested and harassed by authorities who think that they are terrorist planning attacks on the American soil. Immigrants who have the H4 visa face numerous financial challenges since they are not allowed to work or seek employment, this is a challenge especially for an immigrant who has moved to the US in search of employment opportunities and has bills to pay. Immigrants moving to the US as students are given the F1 visa which allows them to work in companies gain employment in areas that are only related to their courses. Many students are not able to find part time employment opportunities in areas that are relevant to their courses and therefore they face financial challenges, some of them are even forced to drop out of school. Coping with the environment change is a challenge to many immigrants and some of them suffer from home sick especially during the first days as they try to cope to the new syst em of life.As much as there are many challenges facing immigrants, there are those who are able to cope well with the new cultures. Many immigrants have been assimilated to th...

Rock Your School Presentation Best Alternatives to Powerpoint

Does anyone actually want to sit through another boring Powerpoint presentation? Powerpoint presentations went out of fashion maybe four decades ago. (What? Of course I know that Powerpoint was only founded in 1990.) Anyways! Here is a list of eight Powerpoint alternatives sure to make your big presentation a hit! 1)  Prezi This is one of the more popular Powerpoint alternatives, this is a dynamic presentation software that’s beautiful to look at and fairly easy to customize! (Oh no, I’m starting to sound like a commercial again ) Prezi is cloud-based, syncable across all your devices, and it already has 50 million users! All of its presentations involve a lot of motionzooming in, sliding sideways, etcso it’s easy to keep your audience engaged. Plus, the blank template basically allows you endless possibilities as far as design goes. 2)  Slidedog This is a seamless presentation software which can really keep your classmates on their toes! Slidedog is different from other presentation-makers because it’s basically a playlist of your digital media. It’s not exactly a slideshow-maker, but you can integrate previous Prezi or Powerpoint files into your Slidedog playlistplus any other files you want to include. You can even have your classmates follow along on their own tablets or computersand have them respond to polls, etc. 3)  Animoto This is a different take on presentationsinstead of a traditional slideshow, Animoto lets you create an engaging video slideshow for your next project! This one’s pretty cooland it can still be pretty flexible. It’s technically a video, but that doesn’t mean you can’t talk during your presentation. You can pre-record your voice for your slideshow (using a separate program) or mute the volume and talk live. There are tons of sample presentations on the website, and they’re all beautiful.   It’s also an app, so you can work on this on your phone or tablet! 4)  WeVideo Yet another video creation website that can help you make some dynamic presentations! WeVideo is pretty easy to use and employs a storyboard-style development process which is easy for beginners to use. Better yetif you’re working on a group project, WeVideo has a collaboration feature, so your friends can pitch in. Let’s just hope you don’t end up like this poor girl. 5)  Canva Canva is kind of like a Renaissance maner, website. It’s a little bit of everything. You can create flyers, posters, graphics, etcbut for the purposes of this article, we’ll focus on its presentation-creating software. It’s amazingly simple to design clean, visually-pleasing slideshows with this website. You can collaborate with anyone, anywhereand design across platforms on its app. 6)  Powtoon Powtoon is really, really awesome. This is another video presentation website, but the difference here is that you can customize fun animations into your video. You can animate   figures to talk and present an idea†¦ You can literally make your bullet points pop and move and captivate your audience. The options are endless. The result is a nifty, engaging video that you can have lots of fun with. There are over 11 million Powtoons created so far, so they’re obviously doing something righttry it out! 7)  Haiku Deck Haiku Deck is an absolutely gorgeous and easy-to-use presentation maker! Really painless and especially useful if you’re in a rush and don’t have time to learn and use something more complex. Making presentations on this site is actuallydare I sayfun? You can work on either your computer or iPad; select from tons of eye-catching images; and browse through the Gallery to get inspired by other presentations. 8)  Projeqt Okay, this one is a really cool find. Using Projeqt, you can make non-linear presentations by connecting live tweets, blog feeds, Youtube videos, audio notes, etc. You can weave together multiple presentations and customize this across multiple platforms. It’s pretty easy to use, and it’ll definitely make you stand out, as opposed to a typical Powerpoint presentation. Takeaway Part of really setting yourself apart in the classroom (and eventually in the workforce!) is constantly seeking newer and better ways to accomplish a task. If you really want to get that â€Å"A† while flooring your teacher in your next presentation, trying one of these out (or something else new) might serve you well! Did it work out well for you? Let us know in the comments! We’d love to hear your success stories.

The Big 5 And Job Satisfaction - 1307 Words

The Big 5 in personality research has been correlated with many variables and factors. The following study uses a meta analysis procedure to evaluate the relationship between the Big 5 and job satisfaction rates and answer the following questions. You may also use your text in addition to help clarify information. Judge, T.A., Heller, D. Mount, M.K. (2002). Five-Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta Analysis. http://www.apa.org/psycarticles/sample.html Journal of Applied Psychology (87)3: 530. 1. Briefly describe each of the factors that make up the Big 5 (use text for this) and provide an example of each trait. The Big 5 is composed of the following five personality traits: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Openness to experience is characterized by creativity, curiosity, and imagination. A person high in openness is often aesthetically-minded, open to trying new things and leaning new ideas, and appreciative of art, adventure, and emotion. People high in openness tend to hold unconventional beliefs while those low in openness prefer traditional ideologies. An example of a person high in openness would be an artist, such as Picasso, or a professional actress, such as Idina Menzel. Conscientiousness is characterized by thoughtfulness, organization, and goal-directed behaviors. People high in conscientiousness tend to prefer planned behavior rather than spontaneous and are detail oriented. AnShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between The Factor Personality Model And Job Satisfaction1554 Words   |  7 PagesIB Math Studies Internal Assessment The Correlation between the Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Name: Makeda Scott Exam Session: May 2015 Teacher Name: Ms. Fernandez School Name: Boyd H. Anderson High School Date: November 17, 2014 The Correlation between the Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Introduction The big five are broad and general categories of personality traits, from which multiple subdivisions under the broad headings stem. It is a model usedRead MoreComplications Of Compensation961 Words   |  4 Pagespresented statistics on the effects of employee recognition, pay, and benefits on job satisfaction to employees in USA, Malaysi, and Vietnam. While there are significant differences statistically between the four variables of the study, all groups concurred that pay, benefits, and recognition are vital in improving job satisfaction of employees. The results solidify the hypothesis that pay is integral to job satisfaction in all of the three countries despite varying cultures. It is important to takeRead MoreRelationship Between Leadership And Employee Job Satisfaction Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease the level of job satisfactions across the industry. The insufficient data that describes the relationships between the leadership, gender, diversity, education, and jo b satisfaction for the restaurant professionals is an issue. This study helps to understand the relationship between the leadership and employee job satisfaction in the Lubbock, TX area. A total of 100 restaurant professionals from the Lubbock Restaurant Association were surveyed using a Job Satisfaction Survey and a MultifactorRead MoreJob Satisfaction Is Essential For A Positive Effect On Children1258 Words   |  6 Pagesand attention to detail are normal requirements in their everyday jobs for the benefit of the children and the employers. Job satisfaction and trying to keep employees highly motivated and productive is a key factor in preschool/daycare centers. In a preschool/daycare setting, job satisfaction can be harder to find due to low wages, stress, lack of communication, misconceptions of details, and little or no benefits. Job satisfaction is essential for a positive effect on children from infants toRead MoreThe Big Five Research Project Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe research project in the Rasmussen general psychology class. The first question ask was what are the five personality traits according to the prominent five factor model. According to the psychology.suite101 website (Pawlik-Kienlen, 2007) the big five personality traits are as follows: †¢ Conscientiousness - being disciplined, dedicated and organized. This also means being self disciplined and having goals in life and striving to achieve them. †¢ Agreeableness - being pleasant and easy to getRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Method1438 Words   |  6 Pageslevels of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in employees of various sectors of an organization. This report will contain information about the sample and research procedure. In addition, this report will look at the instruments involved, how the data is analyzed and last but not least, the solutions and recommendations at the summary of this report. Several surveys are available about different organization found from the research authors, for example, ‘Impact of Demographic Variables on Job-SatisfactionRead MoreCollege Education Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesover the course of his or her life than the average high-school graduate who doesnt attend college. This in itself should be enough, but theres also a priceless benefit of college. Going to college has been proven to give overall higher life satisfaction. This is why college is still worth it. One of the biggest reasons parents and students started having doubts of college was because of its rising prices. College prices have risen significantly throughout the last 30 years. In 1980 The averageRead MoreThe Importance Of Higher Education719 Words   |  3 Pagestoday in relation to higher education. The importance of higher education cannot be stressed enough. A longer and happier life are just two of the things college graduates have over non college graduates. College graduates are more likely to have job satisfaction and security throughout their lifetime. One must see college as an investment in themselves, which is definitely worth the price. College graduates will have almost always make more money than those without a college degree. People with a highRead MoreOrganizational Commitment: Job Satisfaction, Stress, Motivation1617 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Commitment: Job Satisfaction, Stress, Motivation Udaya Kiran Kadali January 23, 2011 Abstract Today’s organization because of global competition and cost cutting had lead to great changes in the organizations leading to greater effect of organizational behaviors. Some organizations are losing employees to other organizations and some employees are losing their efficiency due to the lack of job satisfaction, or due to stress and/or due to lack of motivation, or combinationRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On The Workplace759 Words   |  4 Pagesmany mistakes made within the workplace (Nordmeyer). The definition of motivation is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, as well as persistence of effort, towards attaining a goal (Robbins, p. 175). Motivation is a big issue for many employers when it comes to keeping their staff motivated and happy at work. When an employee is unhappy, they tend to be unmotivated. Many individuals are motivated by different things within the workplace and one deterrent can be when

The Black Market - 749 Words

Derrek Hillier Ms.Brosdahl World Literature Oct, 19, 2015 Research Paper Even though the black market seems like a good place to get the things you need for a cheap price, there is a bad side to anything you may find on the black market. The black market is a bad place and is full of illegal drugs, human trafficking, and ancient artifacts. Through the 1950s most black market sales took place at outdoor markets or bazaars. Having emerged during World War 1 in response to the regulation of prices and supplies, the black market burgeoned after the Bolshevik seizure of power. Some pros of the whole market is it helps make people money, helps people get the things they need at a cheaper price. Some people depend on the black market to live.†¦show more content†¦Due to the difficulty of sizing up explicit drug sales, there’s not even a cheap picture of just how large colorado s marijuana black market was before legalization, making it all the harder to evaluate how legal sales have affected it. In the case of Richard Sacra, U.S. based physician Kent Brantly donated his personal blood to help fight off the virus(Ebola). These developments highlight a larger market of pharmaceuticals, treatments, and biological material. Administered early and with a high level of medical intervention, serums such as ZMAPP may help lower the mortality rate for Ebola. However data is insufficient at this stage. Those with desire and resources are buying blood in hopes of curing current infections or stockpiling for future infections. Recent report illuminate a growing black market trade in blood from Ebola survivors. The massive trove of credentials includes user names, which are typically email addresses, and passwords that in most cases are in unencrypted text. The Adobe breach, which uncovered in Oct. 2013, yielded tons of millions of records that had encrypted passwords. Globally, illegally traded and counterfeit pharmaceuticals generate more than $75 billion USD annually. In addition to the internet-driven parallel trade in pharmaceuticals and fluids, one often finds in other parts of the world other forms of parallel markets. A cyber security firm said that it uncovered stolenShow MoreRelatedThe Black Market1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Market is defined as people who engage in illicit trade. Smuggling of Nuclear weapons plays a role in this. The Russians, U.S., and other countries are involved. Russia has been one the move since the Cold War ended. The Russians position threat to many lives with nuclear sales. Many Russian affiliations and events are to blame including Russian Mafia, military intelligence, Trading Air, collapse in economy, and disgruntled Nuclear employees. Russian Crime organizations have grownRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Black Market1316 Words   |  6 PagesKryslin Cotton English 1301 Professor Cain 23 November 2016 Under Ground Kings: The Benefits of the Black Market Why is there over 120 thousand people waiting on an organ transplant? Why are there 44 million uninsured people in the United States alone? Why is it that 1 in 10 americans cannot afford their medical medications? All simply answered by the fact that it’s all too expensive. The poverty level, according to USDA 2015, in the United States for a family of four is $24 thousand. With soRead MoreThe Black Market Exploiting The Donor1745 Words   |  7 PagesProposing a Solution to the Black Market Exploiting the Donor: Legalizing the Sale of Human Organs, In Hopes of Putting the Black Market Out of Business Right now in the U.S. even with all the advanced technology, there are more than 120,000 people currently on the UNOS organ transplant waiting list. With the wait being so long for an organ, people have become desperate in order to save their life. With this number being so large, it is hard to believe that there is a new name added to the listRead MoreSelling organs on the black market1081 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Selling Organs on the Black Market Every teenager wants to own the newest iPhone or iPad but to save up for those working at the local McDonald’s it would take some time. But in China, you can get it just by selling a kidney. In face according to a BBC news article dated April 6, 2012 five people were arrested for convincing a teenager to sell his kidney in an online chat room for the equivalent of $3,000. The teenager is now suffering from kidney failure, and just for a couple of new toysRead MoreWhat causes black market?8950 Words   |  36 Pagescom/locate/econbase Efficient black markets? Carl Davidson a,b , Lawrence Martin a , John Douglas Wilson a,⠁Ž a Department of Economics, Marshall-Adams Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States b GEP, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom Received 17 May 2005; received in revised form 9 October 2006; accepted 23 October 2006 Available online 3 February 2007 Abstract This paper investigates analytically the welfare effects of black-market activities that firms undertakeRead MoreTerrorism, The Nuclear Hazard And Black Market1234 Words   |  5 PagesIn the spectrum of modern international politics the key preeminent threats to security and the sense of freedom from those threats are terrorism, the nuclear hazard and black market in materiel. These three security issues, not only affect national and international security, but also societal and economic security. Terrorism, has maintained the status as a preeminent threat in the modern world today, but has also become a worldwide phenomenon that has impacted not only in the Middle East butRead MoreThe Black Market Of Illegal Drugs And Pharmaceuticals1592 Words   |  7 Pageshome to all types of markets which thrive within its borders. One of the largest markets in the world and in the United States is the drug and medical market. It is a multi-billion dollar market that serves countless people but is Americans abusing this market? There are definitely many sides to this enormous market but the part that greatly deals with the abuse is the black market that is built are the illegal sales and use of illegal drugs and pharmaceuticals. This black market is heavily abused byRead MoreBlack Market Organ Of The United States1568 Words   |  7 PagesSelling a human organ has been a controversial subject for many years. The question arises; is it illegal to sell a human organ if it is going to sav e another’s life? October 2011 marks the first proven case of black market organ trafficking in the United States. Levy Izhak, a New Yorker, pled guilty in federal court for illegally expediting kidney transplants. His lawyer claimed, â€Å"the transplants were successful and the donors and recipients are now leading full and healthy lives† because ofRead More Black Thursday Stock Market Crash1342 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember of 1929. 1929Â…) It was anticipated that the increases in earnings and dividends would continue. (1929Â…) Price to earnings ratios rose from 10 to 12 to 20 and higher for the markets favorite stocks. (1929Â…) Observers believed that stock market prices in the first 6 months of 1929 were high, while others saw them to be cheap. (1929Â…) On October 3rd, the Dow Jones Average began to drop, declining through out the week of October 14th. (1929Â…) On the night of Monday, October 21st, 1929, marginRead MoreEssay about India and the Black Market4264 Words   |  18 Pages----------------------------------- Sep 20, 2005 BLACK MARKET AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY ----------------------------------- Statistics: It is said that black money in India accounts for 20 % of GDP. If this is true, then black money generated every year must be around Rs 400,000 crore or $ 80 billion. This is a huge amount, more than the entire budget of the government at the Centre. We have a government that spends about Rs 350,000 crore a year, most of it on itself, and asks for accounts

Poor Assumptions and Flawed Conclusions of Conrads Heart...

During the period when Joseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness was written, a common theme in literature was the testing of the moral life through actual experience. One could not realize an ethical principle without it being justified through the outcome of some practical conflict. This idea of testing morality through experience is exactly what is presented in Conrads novel as Marlows journey results in a trial that not only defines his own beliefs but allows him to make a rather pessimistic conclusion on the morality of mankind. This realization comes about through the authors double presentation of imperialism in which it is both glorified and criticized. Marlow begins his narration with a vague position on the issue that†¦show more content†¦He even admits that he tries to keep his distance from any real connection to one side. He explains, I had no time†¦when you have to attend to things of that sort (sailing the steamer), to the mere incidences of the surface , the reality†¦fades.(pg.61) He describes the violent death of his predecessor with very little opinion on the matter at all. He states: I couldnt let it rest though; but†¦ what became of the hens I dont know either. I should think the cause of progress got them, anyhow. However, through this glorious affair I got my appointment†¦(pg.13) To call this event a glorious affair appears rather cold, but it does demonstrates that Marlow had no real opinion on the conflict other than it provided him his opportunity. Later, as Marlow prepares his ship for the journey, he surveys the men at the station and states, I asked myself sometimes what it all meant.(pg.39) He may question the situation at first, but he does not truly make the attempt to understand it at that point. Later he is forced to confront it. Still, it is Marlows distancing of himself from the action around him that allows him to make his general judgements about Imperialism and anti-imperialism. In the beginning, Marlow maintains his distanceShow MoreRelatedMarlows Lack Of Restraint Essay1849 Words   |  8 PagesIn Joseph Conrad’s infamous novella, Heart of Darkness, the narrator listens as Marlow tells his tale of his journey in the Congo, where he comes across many different types of people, all of which he can have hugely varying opinions on. It may seem at first that he simply views the Congolese as less than himself, but his ideas of humanity are far more complex than that, and is not directly tied to race. It is not the people that he despises, but the area they inhabit. He blames their environmentRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesantagonist), as, for example, in most detective fiction. Internal conflict, on the other hand, is confined to the protagonist. In this case, the opposition is between two or more elements within the protagonist’s own character, as in Joseph Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darknessâ⠂¬ , when Kurtz struggles (and fails) to subdue the savage instincts concealed beneath his civilized English veneer. Most plots, it should be noted, contain more than one conflict. In some cases, however, these multiple conflicts are presentedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesunprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops, on tropical plantations, or on the wharves of an expansive, global export economy. Throughout the century, advances in human rights, which wereRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesto Develop Networks 174 Calendar Dates 174 Multiple Starts and Multiple Projects 177 Overview of the Resource Scheduling Problem 253 Types of Resource Constraints 255 Classification of a Scheduling Problem 257 Resource Allocation Methods 257 Assumptions 257 Time-Constrained Project: Smoothing Resource Demand 257 Resource-Constrained Projects 259 Computer Demonstration of ResourceConstrained Scheduling 264 The Impacts of Resource-Constrained Scheduling 270 Extended Network Techniques to Come

The Rise Of The Roman Empire - 2740 Words

Power, prestige, intelligence, and fear, when you hear these words one thing comes to mind, the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of all time. The span of the Roman Empire grew from itself outward to the countries of England, Africa, Spain, and even Syria. The Roman Empire covered a vast area of land, with ambitions of continued growth. The Roman Empire rose to glory in 27 BC. The rise of the Roman Empire began with its military forces and its many emperor’s reign. The society and life of Romans were also affected by the empire’s rule. What led to the empire’s rise can also be seen in what led to the fall of the greatest empire in history. The rise of the Roman Empire began with the refusal of the†¦show more content†¦After the death of Caesar there became a struggle between Caesar’s son Gaius Octavianas and Mark Antony over leadership. This lasted a while till finally the Octavianas were able to beat Anthony and his army surrendered. This left Octavianas the ruler of the whole Roman world (Drinkwater,21). The rise of the Roman Empire began in 27 BC, when Octavianas changed his name to Augustus and led a strong military force. The Roman military could be easily identified by sight alone. The Roman army had soldiers called legionaries, these legionaries were grouped into combat units of six thousand men called legions (Miquel, 10). Each legion was broken down into smaller units for easy control. For every one hundred men there was a centurion. The centurion was the leader of that group of one hundred men (Miquel, 10). Senior officers were pretty much in charge of the whole legion. There were ten senior officers in each legion, they would take direct orders from the emperor and were picked by the emperor himself. (Miquel, 10). The legions were sent to the frontiers of the empire to protect from any invasions. Any man that was a Roman citizen and between the age of 17 and 60 can join the army, but they had to pay for all of their own equipment (Miquel, 10). Later on when the empire went to build up its army, the states were to pay for all of the expenses for the man (Miquel,10). Three hundred thousand armed men were stationed at Rome, center of the empire. Augustus

Changes in the Earths Environment Essay Example For Students

Changes in the Earths Environment Essay Changes in the Earths EnvironmentThe 20th century, especially in the second half, has been one of rapidchange in the Earths environment. The impact of humans on the physical form andfunctioning of the Earth have reached levels that are global in character, andhave done so at an increasingly mounting speed. 20 years ago the environment wasseen as posing a threat to the future of humanity as death rates from naturalhazards had increased dramatically since the turn of the century. The Earththough has always been plagued by natural disasters. Now, with the worldpopulation growing at a rapid rate more people are living in hazard prone areas. Events which may have gone unnoticed previously, only become hazards when thereis intervention with humans and their lifestyle. With the discovery of the ozonehole in the 1980s attention was now more focused on the threat humans wereposing to the environment. With scientific evidence to back up pessimisticpredictions of our future, most people, through media coverage, politicalpressures and general concern now see the environment as being truly threatenedby human progress and in desperate need of help. Natural hazards have been defined as extreme geophysical events greatlyexceeding normal human expectations in terms of their magnitude or frequency andcausing significant damage to man and his works with possible loss of life. (Heathcote,1979,p.3.). A natural hazard occurs when there is an interactionbetween a system of human resource management and extreme or rare naturalphenomena (Chapman,1994). As McCall, Laming and Scott (1991) argue, strictlyspeaking there is no hazard unless humans are affected in some way. Yet the linebetween natural and human-made hazards is a finely drawn one and usuallyoverlapping. Doornkamp ( cited in McCall et al, 1992) argues that many hazardsare human induced or at least made worse by the intervention of humans. In the 1970s, natural hazards were an important subject of topical study,as the nature of their impact on human populations and what they valued wasincreasing in frequency at quite a rapid rate (Burton, Kates, White, 1978). During the 75 years after 1900 the population of the earth increased by astaggering 2.25 billion people. People who needed land on which to live and work. As the population rose people were dispersed in more places and in largernumbers than before. The predominant movement of people being from farm to townor city (Burton et al,1978.). It is this growing world population, Burton et al(1978) suggest, that is the main reason behind why hazards are increasing andwere seen to pose such a threat to humankind in the 70s. While the averagenumber of disasters remained relatively constant at about 30 per year, deathrates climbed significantly. As the growing world population requires the cultivation of land more proneto hazards, more people and property are thus exposed to the risk of disasterthan ever before, and as Stow (1992) argues, the death toll inevitably rises. Anexample that shows the concern that humans faced from the environment can beexemplified by the Bangladesh cyclone of 1970, which killed approximately250,000 people. Although part of the reason for so many deaths can be put downto a then poorly understood process, land-use can also be implicated. Because ofa rising population, land in Bangladesh was reclaimed by the government and heldagainst the sea. People in large numbers were then encouraged to occupy the area. An area which turned out to be one of great risk. Major disruption wasinevitable Burton et al (1978) argue whenever population was in the path of suchforces. Had reasonable measures been taken in advance of the storm, the materialdamage, loss of life and social dislocation could have been seriously reduced. .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .postImageUrl , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:hover , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:visited , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:active { border:0!important; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:active , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Are Standardization from Enterprise Architecture EssayIn the 1990s we live in an information age. Today we have remarkablemonitoring and predictive capabilities for natural hazards. The use of advancedtelecommunications and emergency management, together with the exploitation ofgeographic information systems in hazard mitigation has greatly reduced theextent to which natural hazards are seen as a threat to people in the 90s(Chapman et al, 1994). Loss of life and property from natural disasterscontinue to rise though as the population of the world rises and puts moredemands on the environment for land resources. White (1974) argues thatenvironmental risk may be considered t o be primarily a function of the valuesystems of a society. How dangerous a natural hazard is, is

Portrait of Louisa May Alcott Essay Example For Students

Portrait of Louisa May Alcott Essay HER father thought himself a philosopher. His family agreed with him. So did his friend and contemporary, Emerson, and a few others. He was at any rate a philosopher in his complete inability to earn or to keep money. Her mother was by nature a noble and charming woman, by profession a household drudge. Louisa and her three sisters were born in odd corners between 1830 and 1840 and grew up in Concord and elsewhere. They knew a little, quite enough, about philosophy and a great deal about drudgery. Louisa determined in early youth to eschew philosophy and drudgery both, to be independent, and to earn an honest livelihood for herself and her family. She did it, wrote books that charmed and paid, and died worn out before she was old, but with a comfortable lapful of glory. I do not mean to imply that the Alcott’s poverty was sordid or pitiable. Innate dignity of character, sweetness and natural cheerfulness, kept it from being anything of the kind. If they had not money, they had high ideals, and high ideals afford a certain substitute for comfort, after they have thrust it out of doors. No doubt, also, the rugged discipline of privation fits souls better for the ups and downs of life, which, for most men and women, mean more hardship than comfort. At the same time, to understand Louisa Alcott, what she did and what she was, we must keep the bitterness of youthful poverty before us, the perpetual strug- gle to get clothes and food and other necessaries, the burden of debts and charity, the fret and strain of nerves worn with anxiety and endeavor, the endless uncertainty about the future. â€Å" It was characteristic of this family that they never were conquered by their surroundings,† says the biographer. This is true; yet such experiences fray the edges of the soul, when they do not impair its substance. Louisa’s soul was frayed. Poverty bit her like a north wind, spurred to effort, yet chilled and tortured just the same. â€Å" Little Lu began early to feel the family cares and peculiar trials,† she says of her childhood. In her young-womanhood, when just beginning to sec her way, she is ham- pered in the walks she likes because of â€Å" stockings with a profusion of toe, but no heel, and shoes with plenty of heel, but a paucity of toe.† Later still, when the world ought to have been going well with her, her cry is: â€Å" If I think of my woes, I fall into a vortex of debts, dishpans, and despond- ency awful to see.† The nature of these troubles and the depth of them were especially evident to her, because she was born with a shrewd native wit and keen intelligence. Her education was somewhat erratic, furnished mainly by her father from his wide but heterogeneous store and with eccentric methods. Above all, she employed her brain for practical objects, loved mental system and tidiness. â€Å" I used to imagine my mind a room in confusion, and I was to put it in order; so I swept out useless thoughts and dusted foolish fancies away, and furnished it with good resolutions and began again. But cobwebs get in. I’m not a good house- keeper, and never get my room in nice order.† And with the same practical tendency she analyzed all things about her and all men and women. Her father’s various contacts brought many people to his door, and Louisa learned early to distinguish. â€Å" A curious jumble of fools and philosophers,† she says calmly of one of his beloved clubs. Nor wa s she less ready to analyze herself, as portrayed in one of her stories. â€Å" Much describing of other people’s pas- sions and feelings set her to studying and speculating about her own—a morbid amusement, in which healthy young minds do not indulge.† What marked her character in all this was honesty, sincerity, straight-forward simplicity. Like Jo, in â€Å" Little Women,† who follows her creatress so closely, Louisa, as a child, had more of the boy than of the girl about her, did not care for frills or flounces, did not care for dances or teas, liked fresh air and fresh thoughts and hearty quarrels and forgetful reconciliations. She would shake your hand and look in your eye and make you trust her. Jo’s wild words were always getting her into scrapes. â€Å" Oh, my tongue, my abominable tongue! Why can t 1 learn to keep it quiet? † So she sighed, and so Louisa had often sighed before her. But with the outspokenness went a splendid veracity and a loathing for what was false or mean or cowardly. â€Å" With all her imagination and romance, Miss Alcott was a tremendous destroyer of illusions,† says Mrs. Cheney; â€Å" Oh, wicked L. M. A., who hates sham and loves a joke,† says Miss Alcott herself. The disposition to excessive analysis and great frankness in expressing the results of the same are not especially favorable to social popularity or success, and it does not appear that Louisa had these things or wished to have them. Here again Jo renders her creatress very faithfully. She was perfectly capable of having a jolly time in company; in fact, when she was in the mood and with those she liked, she could be full of fun and frolic, could lead everybody in wild laughter and joyous pranks and merriment. She could run into a party of strangers at the seashore and be gay with them. To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Summaries EssayHer sensibility and quick emotion showed, however, far less in esthetic enjoyment than in the inner play and shifting movements of her own spirit. The sudden variety of nature she sees reflected in herself. â€Å" It was a mild, windyday, very dike me in its fitful changes of sunshine and shade.† She was a creature of moods and fancies, smiles and tears, hopes and discouragements, as we all are, but more than most of us. From her childhood she liked to wander, hadroaming limbs and a roaming soul. She â€Å" wanted to see everything, do everything, and go everywhere.† She loved movement, activity, boys’ sports and boys’ exercise: â€Å"I always thought I must have been a deer or a horse in some   former state, because it was such a joy to run. Then she got tired and got cross, and when she was young, said bitter things and repented them, and when she grew older, would have liked to say them, and repented tha t also. And the ill temper shifted suddenly and madly to laughter, merry drollery, wild sallies, quips and teasing frolics, full well remembered by lovers of Jo. The jocosity of my nature will gush out when it gets a chance, she says. Also, to be sure, she had always the feeling that she was not doing the best she could and that the money came most freely for the things she was not most proud of. In her early days she wrote and sold sensational stories of a rather cheap order. Certain features of these pleased her. She confesses quite frankly that she had a taste for ghastliness and that she was fond of the night side of nature. But she longed to do something else, and she tried to?in Moods and A Modern Mephistopheles ?perhaps not very well, at any rate not very successfully. Few get the glory they want, but there is probably a peculiar bitter ness in getting the glory you dont want. Then she hit on a line of work which, if not great or original, was sane and genuine. She put her own life, her own heart, into her books, and they were read with delight because her heart was like the hearts of all of us. As a child, she wanted to sell her hair to support her family. When she was older, she supported them by se lling her flesh and blood, and theirs, but always with a fine and digni fied reserve as well as a charming frankness. Every creative author builds his books out of his own experience. They would be worthless otherwise. But few have drawn upon the fund more extensively and constantly than Miss Alcott. And she was wise to do it, and when she ceased to do it, she failed. She could allege the great authority of Goethe for her practise: Goethe puts his joys and sorrows into poems; I turn my adventures into bread and butter. So she coined her soul to pad her purse and, inciden tally, to give solace to many. The worshipers of art for arts sake may sneer at her, but she remains in excellent company. Scott, Dumas, Trollope, to name no others, col lected cash, as well as glory, with broad and easy negligence. And the point is that, while doing so, they established them selves securely among the benefactors of mankind. The great thinkers, the great poets, the great statesmen, the great religious teachers sway us upward for our good. But they often lead us astray and they always harass us in the process. I do not know that they deserve much more of our gratitude than those w ho make our souls forget by telling charming stories.

Mun Policy Statement Example Essay Example

Mun Policy Statement Example Essay LANDMINE CLEARANCE policy statetment Landmines have existed since the 19th century; many people from all around the world have been victims to bombs. Landmines continue to kill nearly 20,000 people every year, even decades after the ending of the conflicts for which they were placed. Land mines were designed for two main uses: to create defensive tactical barriers and slowing an invasion forces progress to allow reinforcements to arrive. But today it’s claiming more lives every week. Land mines are weapons of mass destruction in slow motion. Currently, The International Campaign to Ban Landmines, ICBL, is urging all governments to protest against Syria’s use of Landmines on its borders with Turkey and Lebanon. The Syrian army has been seen planting landmines along routes used to reach Turkey. It is reported that thousands of Syrians used these paths to flee to safety over the border, which is why locals have begun to restore access by removing the mines at great personal risk. Already reports have been received that a family of five was injured recently when trying to cross the minefields. Germany signed the Ottawa Treaty on the 3rd of December 1997. It has been helping the NSAWG (NON-STATE ACTORS WORKING GROUP) which was a movement inside ICBL that consists of campaigns to stop anti-personal landmines. This matter should be taken seriously and considered cautiously. The delegate would like to suggest that the UN create a demining battalion that would help the countries that need to get rid of their unwanted and dangerous mines. This way the UN would support restoring these fields to a good environment and it wouldn’t cost any more innocent civilian lives. Clauses: rges that the UN creates a organization that trains and handle minesweepers that has been hired by this organization. This Organization will supply the best equipmentand PPE ( Proctective Personal Equipment) for the minesweepers to be sure that they come back alive from the clearance on the minefield and the job is done. Minesweepers is the humanitarian way of clearing mines. This way the surrounding environment and the minefield itself would be preserved. This organization will give help to countries that needs help with their mine field clearing. Our target is to clear and preserve, this clause says it all. We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Policy Statement Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Policy Statement Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Policy Statement Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer LAKE VICTORIA 2nd policy statement Honorable chairs and esteemed delegates, Water is on of the basic needs of a human being. Water is important to all beings. Clean water comes from a clean source but lake victoria is no longer a clean source of water. It’s water now contains raw sewage and rubbish. It is no longer available for human use. Fisherman also depend on this lake for their daily catches and their business. The excesive pollution has led extinction to most of the flora and fauna living around or in the lake. Also, diseases are spreading villages and towns near the lake. Over 30 million people living in poverty, depend on this lake, but it’s state is getting worse and worse by the minute. Lake victoria promoting water as a shared resource in Lake Victoria and the surrounding areas can be possible with the help of you delegates. To solve ths problem, the delegate believes that we should stop the factories and any cause of pollution from coming into the lake itself. This way the lake could be cleaned without having any other problems bothering it. Also, the lake would once again be available to animals to live and breed in.

Sample of Reflection Essay

Sample of Reflection EssayWhen preparing a sample of reflection essay, one of the most important things to consider is how to come up with a good topic. You want your essay to be informative and you also want it to be creative. This will go a long way towards helping you prepare the essay. Here are a few ideas you can use:One of the most interesting aspect of writing essays is to examine the background for the opinions. By doing this, you will be able to ascertain what you believe in, and allow you to construct an outline. The outline that you construct is not unlike a story you tell yourself. In this outline, you are creating a story and a set of characters that will support your points. After all, this is what writing is about: building an outline and coming up with new opinions to support those opinions.When constructing your essay topic, try to figure out your personal preferences. You may like the idea of a character that is an adult who wants to visit his younger self. In this case, you could select an older character that you know, or perhaps your best friend's older brother. A great idea is to draw the character from a film, television show, or other form of media. In this way, you are sure to come up with a character that will be more believable and less threatening.Use the audience for a sample of reflection essay. For example, if you were trying to build an outline of a young girl's life, you could begin by writing about a four-year-old girl who loves art and reading. You could also draw from a character from a television show or a book. Using these samples as your reference will help you come up with a particular angle for the sample of reflection essay. When looking through a book, you could look for the dominant theme or literary allusions.Make sure that you provide options for your essay. The truth is that essays are often very long and this means that they must be broken down into different paragraphs. Because of this, you will have to choose yo ur points and include them in your essay. If you were trying to build an outline, try to keep it focused on one theme or element and then tie it in with the previous paragraph.Remember that when writing this type of essay, you should not worry about the length. The time to worry about this is after you have completed it. And remember, when you are doing this type of essay, you are more likely to change your mind about several points in the process.Determine your audience for a sample of reflection essay. In this way, you will be able to write your essay for the most appropriate audience. By understanding the objectives of your audience, you will be able to determine what they should expect to find in your essay. This can be a great way to determine what information they will need and what they may not want to know about.Always remember that once you have written the essay, you need to revise it. A good thing to do when you are rewriting your essay is to first work on the outline and then look at your work to see what you have to add. Then, go back over the work again to make sure that it flows. Then, come up with additional ideas and rewrite until it all matches up.

Medicine labels unclear - Emphasis

Medicine labels unclear Medicine labels unclear Writing messages that are effective for all your readers is not as easy as it may first seem. New research shows that patients may be risking their health because warning labels on medications are not clear enough. The researchers, led by Professor Theo Raynor at the University of Leeds, found that phrases like may cause drowsiness werent fully understood. After testing such typical phrases on their 200 volunteers, they concluded that many of them were too vague to be effective. An instruction such as avoid alcohol probably seemed unambiguous to the person who wrote it. But the scientists found that many patients thought this meant merely reduce alcohol. After presenting the participants with rewritten alternatives, the team deemed that only the very specific do not drink alcohol while taking this medicine left no room for misinterpretation. The results feature in a report published in the British National Formulary, which advises doctors, nurses and pharmacists. This could mean there will soon be increased clarity where it is obviously sorely needed. And perhaps that we should all re-examine our own writing to ensure the message we write has the best chance of being the message our readers receive.

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Discussion Board - Essay Example Therefore, the equilibrium quantity is determined by output amount a firm decides to supply. For instance, Samsung and Nokia companies are all phone companies and their demand in the market is determined by equilibrium where price is given in the market and not by demand or supply forces. The government intervention has a strong influence on a willing late comer to join the market industry. Government interventions may allow late comers to challenge those who entered first in the market. If they do so, there is a shift of extra returns by government intervention in a particular firm from another state to the national economy. For instance, a real life situation is whereby if China can be allowed to supply phones to America, there will be a reduction in returns received by phone making companies in America as they will not enjoy all the profits as before. Financial ratios are designed with the aim of determining the weaknesses and strengths of a firm. The investors need financial analysis to know the riskiness of cash flows and future cash flows of a firm. An individual is able to know a company’s strength or weakness by analyzing the past performance of the firm and mapping it to the future plans. The analysis is mainly done by analyzing financial statements. For instance, in debt ratio, the greater the ratio, the lower the protection that can be afforded by creditors upon liquidation (Hacker,

Analysis of Jelly Belly Candy Company Assignment

Analysis of Jelly Belly Candy Company - Assignment Example Proof-of-concept, as used in the paper refers to the necessity to proof or ascertain that a system under consideration is viable (Blount and Lamm 356). Jelly Belly management had a plan to improve their sales and marketing practices through adoption of an appropriate customer relations technological system. As a result, they acquired a CRM system but few months after its integration, the system even failed to form a viable interface with the Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR). Consequently, Jelly Belly approached Microsoft for a new CRM system. This time, they need a preliminary certainty that this new system will serve the intended purpose. Therefore, Jelly Belly consulted Webfortis to establish a proof-of-concept that the new system met all standards required for optimal performance. Jelly Belly can now manage its current customer base using information obtained from the new system. In the past, the company could lose any type of customer within their selling and purchase processes . However, the new customer relations package enables managers to identify speciality customers responsible for the voluminous purchase of their products (Blount and Lamm 357). Consequently, this new package allows sales managers to develop longer relations with speciality clients; hence reducing customer defection. As a Jelly Belly human resource manager, I would consider selecting hiring and training skilled and productive sales persons into the company’s sales team. The reason is that Jelly Belly has the requisite information on customers; hence skilled salespersons could utilize this information in improving sales through actions like direct marketing. The main reason why Jelly Belly failed in accounting for undesirable customer patterns was as a result of inefficient customer relationship culture. Jelly Belly had not employed the use of technological tools in acquiring relevant information concerning the nature of their client base. In the past, the company could lose any type of customer within their selling and purchase processes. However, the new customer relations package enables managers to identify speciality customers responsible for the voluminous purchase of their products.  

History, strength of provisional government Essay Example for Free

History, strength of provisional government Essay How far was the provisional government responsible for its own downfall? During the brief period of rule by The Provisional Government, Russia was troubled by several domestic issues that the provisional Government failed to sufficiently deal with when eventually led to their down fall in 1917. Their failure to fulfil the needs of the peasants, which was a big domestic issue, was a factor that led to their loss of support and in addition their failure to suppress the opposition led to their downfall. The instantaneous cause for their collapse was the fierce take over from the Bolsheviks led by Lenin. However the main factors that led to their downfall was their decision to continue in the war because it has worsened the issues that The Provisional Government failed to tackle which then led to loss of support from the bulk of the population and more importantly the army which they relied upon to defend The Provisional Government such as the July Days. In addition their decision to delay the elections gave the Bolsheviks a chance to take power. As a result, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were able to increase their support rapidly and take over so therefore The Provisional Government can be largely held responsible for their own downfall. Russia’s continuation in the war after the abdication of the tsar was the main reason for the down fall of The Provisional Government because it increased the issues that Russia faced already which worsened their respect and support as it was their decision to do so. As a result of this, they lost support of the army because they were losing in the war as they lost territory, soldiers and unprepared to go to battle. This decreased the soldier’s moral which eventually led to the breakdown of military discipline. This eventually led to radical parties having an increase of support because they were against the continuation of the war such as the Bolsheviks because they promised to end Russia’s involvement in the war. In addition, the continuation of the war meant that the issue of food shortages caused unrest amongst the population towards The Provisional Government. The Provisional Government also had little control over the countryside and also lacked the ability to impose their authority in its outside cities and towns. As a result the peasants took action which therefore undermined The  Provisional Governments authority. Many peasants took land from landowner’s whilst some engaged in violence. The Provisional Government was losing its authority in parts of Russia. The main reason for the lack of control was because The provisional Government lacked in legitimacy and due to this the public turned away and went to more radical parties such as the Bolsheviks. The peasants turned to the Bolsheviks because in the April Thesis, Lenin promised to address the land issue which The Provisional Government failed to do. And due to his, The Provisional Government support decreased and Bolsheviks support increased. The authority of The Provisional Government significantly weakened in June when they launched an attack on the Austro-Hungarian army. This was a utter failure and led to the breakdown of the Russian army. The soldiers leaving the front lines met and formed an Anti-Government rally in which they demanded all political power should be handed to the soviets. Furthermore other troops formed a Provisional Revolutionary Committee to campaign against the government. In addition only the government can be blamed for the events of the â€Å"July Days† because it was them who’s idea it was of the June offensive and therefore as a result, the July Days. By August 1917 Russia seemed on the verge of chaos because peasants were seizing land, industrial production was failing and soldiers were rebelling. Although the Provisional Government had survived, the demonstrations of the July Days brought a fatal blow to the position of The Provisional Government. Kornilov had feared a â€Å"coup d’à ©tat† and released imprisoned Bolsheviks and armed them to help the government. This was a blow as Bolsheviks membership increased and now they were given weapons, they did not give them back. The Kornilov Affair made the Bolsheviks look like the â€Å"defenders of Petrograd† so their numbers increased. As a result of The Provisional Government continuing in the war, opposition towards them grew. They also failed to suppress the opposition which led to opposition (Bolshevik) increase support. The Provisional Government also failed to meet the demands of the public so therefore making them turn to more extreme parties. The Bolsheviks were the biggest threat to the government because of their popularity, aims, guidance and methods. Overall, although The provisional Government had face many problems, it was the Bolsheviks that caused the eventual downfall of the government. It is not wholly The Provisional Governments fault for their own downfall because some of the problems they had inherited and as soon as they came into power they were already un-liked despite them playing a major part in it. The country side was already in chaos so that was not their fault and the April Thesis, Lenin’s speech, they could not be held responsible for that either. On the other hand, The Kornilov Affair, The June Offensive and the domestic issues were their fault as they did not address the issue leading to the radicalisation of the public. The Provisional Government did have a huge part to play in their own downfall because of their decision t continue in the war which enhanced/intensified the present issues.

History of Paper -- essays research papers

The first historical mention of paper is 104 A.D. in China. The Empress of China at that time loved books and wanted to have a lot of them made. At the time everything was written on silk scrolls which were extremely expensive and time consuming to make. She wanted something cheaper and easier to use and so she asked one of her servants, a gentleman by the name of Tsi Lun to come up with an alternative. He worked for over nine years experimenting with different things and finally came up with hemp, mulberry tree bark, silk and old fishing nets all ground up into a mushy pulp. I wonder how he ever thought of it; the history books don't say. The Empress was very pleased and Tsi Lun was elevated to a high rank in the court. Unfortunately for him, the Empress then asked Tsi Lun to spread malicious gossip about some of her enemies at court. When the Empress fell out of power, those people were extremely angry with Tsi Lun and he was either put to death or forced to commit suicide. Strange, isn't it, how things go in the world? And, of course, all of this that I am sharing with you is just one version of history. Others will perhaps be able to give a different rendering. I have read many. I like the story of Tsi Lun. Most people agree on that one. But, as for the spread of papermaking as an art, well, there are different stories told. To gather such accounts and compare them falls within the discipline of "Historiography", the history of the writing of history. (If you ever want to scamble your brains and loose all concept of the solidity of reality, just study the hisotry writing of history.) The following, I believe, is most likely closest to the truth. Papemmaking remained a secret Chinese art until around the year 700 A.D. when, during a war with China the Arab nations captured an entire town of papermakers and took them back to the middle east as prisoners where they were forced into labor making paper. The craft was learned a couple hundred years later by Westem Europeans during the Crusades. Curiously, the Church in Westem Europe initially banned the use of paper calling it a 'pagan art' believing that animal parchment was the only thing 'holy' enough to carry the Sacred Word. That strange prejudice lasted for more than 100 years, but they got over it. In the 17th century Europeans were making paper from cotton and linen rags. When paper is made ... ...which does not add to the pollution in the environment. Natural fiber paper makers have told me that they neutralize their caustic solutions with vinegar and baking soda. After the cooking process, once it is neutralized and checked with a litmus strip, the fiber cooking water can be disposed of down the drain without any fear of adding to the toxic waste in the environment, so there is hope.) The sad tale of our time period for the health of the eco system is that just as cotton and linen rags as sources for paper making were becoming scarce in the 17th century, trees in the 21st are also dissappearing. As an example, one single edition of the Sunday New York Times requires 30,000 acres of trees. And that's just the New York Times. What about the London Times? L.A. Times? And the millions of other papers printed around the world? Experiments have begun to find alternative sources of fiber and I have recently heard the European mills are turning toward hemp. Hemp yields 4 times the amount of cellulose fiber per acre than trees and is renewable within a year or two compared to 100 years for trees. As a lover of trees, I hope the rest of the world soon follows the European example.

Scientific Management

Course: Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) Module: Principals of Management Title: Explain Scientific Management. Comment on the contribution of this approach to the development of management thought. What are its limitations? 33 Submission Date: 8th of March 2010 Word Count 2183 â€Å"The Principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee† (Taylor, 1947) Introduction The Author will discuss Scientific Management under the following headings: Section 1 An explanation on Scientific Management. Section 2, The contribution of Scientific Management to the development of Management thought and Section 3 looks at the limitations of Scientific Management. What is Scientific Management? Bratton et al (2007: 355) defines scientific management as a process of systematically partitioning work into its smallest elements and standardising tasks to achieve maximum efficiency. The scientific management approach was developed at the end of the 19th Century; its father is commonly accepted to be Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1917) although some variations of the theory have been developed by Gantt and Gilbreth. The scientific management approach was set up to improve labour productivity by evaluating and setting up workflow practices. Taylor was Chief Engineer at the Midvale Steel Company his first-hand experience here led Taylor to recognise that labour productivity was largely inefficient due to a workforce that functioned by â€Å"rules of thumb† methods. In 1898 Taylor was employed as a consultant by the Bethlehem Steel works Company, where he applied his principles of scientific management through evaluating work in a scientific manner. Taylor gained this information with his â€Å"Time and Motion Study†, as Dale explains, Taylor employed a young man to analyse all the operations and the motions performed in each and to time the motions with a stopwatch. From knowing how long it took actually to perform each of the elements in each job, it would be possible †¦ To determine a really â€Å"fair days work†. (Dale 1963, p155) Taylor’s experience at Bethlehem Steel led him to develop four principals of management. The first being substitute rule of thumb work processes with processes based on a scientific study of the tasks. Taylor broke down each part of the production process into individual tasks to accomplish task specialisation. Taylor also used time and motion studies to establish the most proficient technique for performing each work task and giving rest periods. Secondly, managers should select, train, teach and develop the most suitable person for each job. Taylor hated â€Å"soldering†, and by introducing a piece-rate system of pay he eliminated the group process in which workers slowed their speed of work to suit the ordinary worker’s needs. Thirdly, comprehensive training and supervision to each worker must be given by management to guarantee the job is done in a scientific way and finally scientific management principals need to be applied to the planning and supervising of work and the workforce complete the tasks. The Principals of scientific management were widely accepted and spread as far as the Soviet Union where Taylor’s principals were included into a variety of five-year development plans. The most well-known application of Taylor’s principals of scientific management was in Henry Ford’s Model T. Frank Gilbreth (1868 –1924) and his wife Lillian (1878 – 1972), developed variations of Taylor’s scientific management, they were mostly concerned with the elimination of waste and like Taylor thought that a â€Å"One Best Way† to carry out a task could be found. Another contributor to scientific management was Henry Gantt (1856-1915) who was a protege of Taylor’s who designed the Gantt chart a straight line chart to display and measure planned and completed work as time elapsed. The contribution of Scientific Management to the development of Management thought Scientific management does play an important role in the 21st Century. Examples of scientific management can be seen in our car and computer industries, the hospitals and the restaurants we eat in and nearly all function more efficiently due to scientific management. In today’s economic environment scientific management is probably more important in today’s businesses then ever before. The Author will discuss this under the following headings: Scientific Study of work, use of incentives, division of labour and the selection and training of workers. Scientific Study of work The fundamental tools that result in increased productivity are time study standards and work design. For example in the production department of any company materials are requested and controlled; the sequence of operations, inspections, and methods are determined; tools are ordered; time values are assigned; work is scheduled, dispatched and followed up. A good example of scientific management in today’s society is any of the directory enquires numbers, staff read from a script and simple ask what number you want and then a computer reads out the number and even asks if you would like to be connected. Use of incentives According to Taylor workers were only motivated by money, in today’s workplace Taylor’s piece rate pay may have a different name â€Å"performance related pay† is how its new trading name and most of the Multi International companies now pay their workers a very basic pay and only rewards staff who excel at there jobs. According to Taylor one should â€Å"pay the worker, not the job†. In the Authors organisation Eircom all staff from the lines engineers to the managers are all paid by performance and this has helped to eliminate a lot of the ‘soldiering’ that used to take place. Division of Labour Scientific management gives managers control and this can be seen in many of our call centres whether its directory enquires or calling the bank ‘thank you for calling and how may I direct your call? ’ these scripts show us 21st Century management control. Management see these scripts as necessary to keep workers efficient and consistent but it is just modern day Taylorism which assumes that workers are dim and lazy. Selection and training of workers Finding the ‘best’ person for the job is still a challenge for many companies. Many companies now use automated curriculum vitae processing by computers with scientific personality testing to try and match the job to the right person. Employers are looking for employees to work hard, be flexible and to be skilled. It is imperative to get the right people, with the right skills in the right positions and at the right time. Choosing the right people may increase an organisations competitive advantage which is after all central to competitive success of any organisation. Limitations of scientific management Scientific management has been in a state of constant evolution since its adoption. The objective of the scientific management movement was to increase efficiency by carefully planning workers’ movement in the most efficient way. Taylor’s ideas and those of his followers led to time-and-motion experts with their stopwatches and clipboards observing workers, and seeking the ‘one best way’ in which every job could be performed. From the late 1920s, a ‘human relations’ school of thought emerged, challenging Taylorist beliefs in formal work structures and what was considered to be the over-simplification of the concept of motivation. Scientific Management was based on the assumption that workers were driven entirely by economic concerns but Human Relations researchers examined the behaviour of people at work and argued that social factors such as informal work groups and management styles influenced performance. As a result, the personnel management function began to focus on matching the needs of employees with those of management, through the creation of informal structures and managerial styles (Gormley 2009). The Hawthorne Studies conducted by Elton Mayo and his colleagues are exemplary early studies in this tradition and work on motivation by Abraham Maslow although their ideas were built on the original quantitative theories of measuring work as seen in scientific management they also discovered some of the limitations of ‘Taylorism’. The Author will now discuss the limitations of scientific management as discovered by Mayo, Maslow and Deming. Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies The Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments which involved a group of men being observed in their natural work setting with no changes to their working conditions but with an observer taking notes and interviewing them. The group had set there own standards and restricted their output. They had decided what their daily limit was and what constituted as a fair day’s work and this was not to be exceeded by any worker. The results showed Mayo that workers were dissatisfied with the scientific approach. Mayo’s results placed focus on the social context of work: in particular, worker motivation, group dynamics and group relations. The workers were joined in there opposition to management and were not motivated by the financial incentives offered for higher output. Data gathered at the Hawthorne plant (collectively known as The Hawthorne studies) suggested a positive association between labour productivity and management styles. Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs) Maslow was concerned with the issue of employee motivation and wanted to explain how workers could be motivated to achieve higher performance. Maslow focused on the paternalistic style of management focusing on employees’ social needs as the key to better relations and better erformance. This became known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the needs which Maslow identified started with †¢ Physiological needs – food and shelter †¢ Safety needs – the need to feel secure †¢ Acceptance needs – the need to feel accepted by others †¢ Esteem needs – the need for self respect †¢ S elf Actualisation – the need for self achievement and fulfilment W. Deming and Total Quality Management Total quality management (TQM) sees quality as a key to organisational success and emphasizes prevention rather than the correction of mistakes. In the Authors opinion TQM is probably the modern day ‘Taylorism’ the four principals of TQM are. Plan Prepare and plan in a structured way by learning from the past and setting benchmarks for change. Do If your goal is far-reaching, start small and evaluate your results before going wider. Study Analyze the results of what you have done and find out how to apply what you have learned to future activities. Act – Do what you need to do to make your process better and easier to replicate In Demings 14 point management plan, Deming wanted everything to be uniform , in delivery times , prices and work practices. . Create constancy of purpose towards improvement. Replace short-term reaction with long-term planning. 2. Adopt the new philosophy. The implication is that management should actually adopt his philosophy, rather than merely expect the workforce to do so. 3. Cease dependence on inspection. If variation is reduced, there is no need to inspect manufactured items for defects, because there won't be any. 4. Move towards a single supplier for any one item. 5. Improve constantly and forever. Constantly strive to reduce variation. 6. Institute training on the job. If people are inadequately trained, they will not all work the same way, and this will introduce variation. 7. Institute leadership. Deming makes a distinction between leadership and mere supervision. 8. Drive out fear. Deming sees management by fear as counter- productive in the long term, because it prevents workers from acting in the organisation's best interests. 9. Break down barriers between departments. Another idea central to TQM is the concept of the ‘internal customer', that each department serves not the management, but the other departments that use its outputs. 10. Eliminate slogans. Another central TQM idea is that it's not people who make most mistakes – it's the process they are working within. Harassing the workforce without improving the processes they use is counter-productive. 11. Eliminate management by objectives. Deming saw production targets as encouraging the delivery of poor-quality goods. 12. Remove barriers to pride of workmanship. Many of the other problems outlined reduce worker satisfaction. 13. Institute education and self-improvement. 14. The transformation is everyone's job. Each of these management models teaches us something about the limitations of scientific management. Scientific Management is often associated with negative consequences both for workers, who may consider themselves to be victims of exploitation and for managers, who may find it difficult to motivate such workers or to deal with poor performance and resistance. Conclusion Considering that Frederick Taylor has been dead for nearly a century and in this time a knowledge explosion has taken place, Taylor’s track record is extraordinary. If Taylor, Gantt, Gilbreth and Lillian were alive today would they be happy with what has become management thought? In the Authors pinion many of the different management styles all share certain similar characteristics of scientific management and the Author believes that they would all find the total participation movement quite acceptable. The Scientific management theories discussed above evolved from the needs of the past to manage mainly the labour force. The needs of the present in the current economic climate may require similar recordin g of procedures as involved with time and motion studies during the Industrial Revolution in the past to regulate the workings of Finance in Banking and related areas mainly facilitated by the IT Revolution. Rest assured that changes in the past and the present and their successful resolution by scientific management will be replicated many times in the future and hopefully the resolutions will improve/maximise the return for the employer (stakeholder) and employee. In conclusion there is no single ‘best’ strategy or style of management. The ‘best’ solution is the one that is most fitting in relation to the particular needs of that organisation. Bibliography Bratton, J, (2007) Work and Organisational Behaviour, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, . Dale, E. (1973) Management, Theory & Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. Griffin, R. (2009) Fundamentals of Management. (5th Edition), USA: South Western College Gunnigle, P, and Heraty, N. and Morley, M. J. , (2006). Human Resource Management in Ireland. (3rd Edition) Dublin, Gill & Macmillan. Taylor, F, (1947). Scientific Management . New York: Harper Row. Tiernan, S. and Morley, M. and Foley, E. (2006). Modern Management (3rd Edition) Dublin, Gill & Macmillan Scientific Management While this theory has made many positive contributions to management practice, there have also been negative implications. On a positive note, Taylorism has made an impact on the introduction of the 8 hour working day, minimum wage rates and incentive and bonus schemes, and more importantly, highlighted management as an important area of study, allowing for other theorists to improve on, or provide alternative management theories in response to scientific management such as more worker orientated theories, namely behavioural management. Taylor’s ideals have however been under constant scrutiny as managers highlight the shortfalls of scientific management. While the highly mechanistic way of practice may lead to increased productivity, it essentially works by dehumanising workers and viewing them simply as an ‘appendage of machinery. ’ Caldari argues (2007: 61) that Taylor’s ignorance of social considerations leads to conflict, low worker morale, and low trust between workers and neglect the ability for individual creativity to provide a positive input to the workplace. While Taylor’s theories have been subject to many criticisms, scientific management has made an instrumental contribution to modern management practice across the world. By placing emphasis on the management of workers, Taylor essentially highlighted the importance of management theory and paved the way for further development on management as an important element of business practices. Taylor created a way of replacing the ‘guesswork’ involved in the manufacturing process by replacing it with a scientific way of thinking, strict rules and procedures (Caldari 2007: 58). This form of management practice allows managers to more efficiently control and direct their labour force and similarly it provides space for managers to monitor the workforce, and identify inefficiencies and sources of waste in the manufacturing process. As Parker and Ritson discuss (2005: 1340), this allows managers to observe the labour force and ensure that appropriate work procedures are being followed and appropriate results are achieved. Thus, creating space for managers to correct these inefficiencies early in the manufacturing process and minimise waste, subsequently maximising profits. Therefore, although Taylor's contributions were considered controversial and even radical, his theory and dedication to management practice remains influential on contemporary business management, and he can be held responsible for laying the foundations for current strategic and systematic methods of planning and execution of tasks (Darmody, 2007: 1). Regardless of the benefits that may be gained from scientific work practices, criticism stemmed from the impression that Taylor had little concern with the psychology of workers. Taylor’s search for a healthy and efficient workforce however, stemmed from research conducted on the relationship between long working hours and fatigue. Taylor was concerned with the effect that working hours was having on productivity and upon results of such experiments, proceeded to introduce shorter working hours believing that with fewer hours comes higher efficiency, intensified laboured hours and improved employee wellbeing. It is upon this philosophy, that Nyl (1995: 2) argues scientific management; primarily Taylor’s thinking was instrumental in creating the 8 hour working day of which is still implemented in many businesses today. In despite of the above mentioned interest in worker well-being, Caldari (2007: 64) emphasises that Taylor naively assumed that with less, but more intense hours, increased productivity and wages, well being of workers would automatically improve. However, due to the intensely standardised and restrictive rules and procedures that scientific management brings workers are likely to feel unappreciated leaving the door open to the potential of conflict between workers and managers. In this case, a strict line of command is seen to have connection with low worker morale as high productivity is achieved at a price. Caldari cites Marshall (2007: 66) saying that â€Å"trust, esteem and affection for staff are a valuable business asset, of a kind which machinery cannot achieve. † This emphasis recognises one of the downfalls of scientific management in that it restricts the development of a cohesive ‘team’ like workforce, rather restricting management focus to individuals. The constraints that are placed on individuals prevent any worker initiative and eventually depriving a business of potentially important and vital input from employees. As Caldari (2007) points out, managers â€Å"can miss the opportunity of taking advantage of potential resources but also, and moreover, for society that it is likely to waste its more important kind of capital. † (p. 67) With this impression in mind, although Freeman’s discussion (1996: 2) focused primarily on the effect of scientific management in a Japanese business environment, he makes some interesting observations about Taylor’s mechanistic approach that can transcend cultural barriers. Freeman highlights that while criticism’s of Scientific management revolve around it being ‘anti-worker,’ scientific management and ‘democratic’ management (which pays closer attention to the psychology and respect for workers) do not necessarily have to conflict. It is held that while the needs of workers are of foremost importance, Taylor’s ideal of quality management allowed for reduction in waste and increased production in Japanese business practices. In this context, scientific management was instrumental in improving efficiency and creating quality constraints, which ultimately lead to increased profits. Freeman highlights (1996: 6) that by working with unions with an even handed focus on the interests of workers and productivity, business practice can meet a happy medium between scientific management and human relations in the management of business. This ideal emphasises that although some managers claim that there is no place in modern business practice for scientific management, it is possible for Taylor’s ideals to transcend time as managers adapt scientific theories and collaborate Taylor’s methods with other theorists that have followed in his steps. Taylor’s scientific management has resulted in both positive and negative implications for business practice over the 20th and 21st century. We can see its contribution to modern business management in that many of its principles are still used today for example, minimum wage, rest periods and incentives for workers who reach a specified target. While these theories were originally implemented in businesses such as Henry Ford’s car manufacturing, we can see that these processes continue to benefit managers today both in that very same business, and in the same ways in other industries including, and not limited to the hospitality industry where for example, detailed procedures and rules are enforced by a strict line of autocratic managers in a strict line of command at McDonalds or Hungry Jacks. It has been highlighted that although Taylor’s scientific management incorporates shortfalls with regards to the management of a workforce as far as viewing a workforce as valuable human resources rather than machinery, in today’s management practices, elements of Taylor’s theory are able to work in conjunction with often more palatable behavioural theories in order to control and monitor a successful workforce. Taylor was instrumental for creating a new ‘paradigm’ of management thinking and the scientific management theory does, and will continue impart to influence the way businesses operate and complete day to day tasks and assignments (Darmody, 2007: 1). Caldari, K. (2007). ‘Alfred Marshall’s critical analysis of scientific management. ’ The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought,14 (1), 55-78. Darmody, P. J. (2007). ‘Henry L. Gantt and Frederick Taylor: The Pioneers of Scientific Management. ’ AACE International Transactions, 151. Davidson (2008) Management: Core Concepts and Skills in ‘Management', John Wiley, Milton. Freeman, M. G. (1996) ‘Don’t throw scientific management out with the bathwater. ’ _Quality Progress,_ 29(4), Parker, L. D. Ritson, P. (2005) ‘Fads, stereotypes and management gurus: Fayol and Follett today. ’ Management Decision, 43(10), 1335. Scientific Management Course: Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) Module: Principals of Management Title: Explain Scientific Management. Comment on the contribution of this approach to the development of management thought. What are its limitations? 33 Submission Date: 8th of March 2010 Word Count 2183 â€Å"The Principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee† (Taylor, 1947) Introduction The Author will discuss Scientific Management under the following headings: Section 1 An explanation on Scientific Management. Section 2, The contribution of Scientific Management to the development of Management thought and Section 3 looks at the limitations of Scientific Management. What is Scientific Management? Bratton et al (2007: 355) defines scientific management as a process of systematically partitioning work into its smallest elements and standardising tasks to achieve maximum efficiency. The scientific management approach was developed at the end of the 19th Century; its father is commonly accepted to be Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1917) although some variations of the theory have been developed by Gantt and Gilbreth. The scientific management approach was set up to improve labour productivity by evaluating and setting up workflow practices. Taylor was Chief Engineer at the Midvale Steel Company his first-hand experience here led Taylor to recognise that labour productivity was largely inefficient due to a workforce that functioned by â€Å"rules of thumb† methods. In 1898 Taylor was employed as a consultant by the Bethlehem Steel works Company, where he applied his principles of scientific management through evaluating work in a scientific manner. Taylor gained this information with his â€Å"Time and Motion Study†, as Dale explains, Taylor employed a young man to analyse all the operations and the motions performed in each and to time the motions with a stopwatch. From knowing how long it took actually to perform each of the elements in each job, it would be possible †¦ To determine a really â€Å"fair days work†. (Dale 1963, p155) Taylor’s experience at Bethlehem Steel led him to develop four principals of management. The first being substitute rule of thumb work processes with processes based on a scientific study of the tasks. Taylor broke down each part of the production process into individual tasks to accomplish task specialisation. Taylor also used time and motion studies to establish the most proficient technique for performing each work task and giving rest periods. Secondly, managers should select, train, teach and develop the most suitable person for each job. Taylor hated â€Å"soldering†, and by introducing a piece-rate system of pay he eliminated the group process in which workers slowed their speed of work to suit the ordinary worker’s needs. Thirdly, comprehensive training and supervision to each worker must be given by management to guarantee the job is done in a scientific way and finally scientific management principals need to be applied to the planning and supervising of work and the workforce complete the tasks. The Principals of scientific management were widely accepted and spread as far as the Soviet Union where Taylor’s principals were included into a variety of five-year development plans. The most well-known application of Taylor’s principals of scientific management was in Henry Ford’s Model T. Frank Gilbreth (1868 –1924) and his wife Lillian (1878 – 1972), developed variations of Taylor’s scientific management, they were mostly concerned with the elimination of waste and like Taylor thought that a â€Å"One Best Way† to carry out a task could be found. Another contributor to scientific management was Henry Gantt (1856-1915) who was a protege of Taylor’s who designed the Gantt chart a straight line chart to display and measure planned and completed work as time elapsed. The contribution of Scientific Management to the development of Management thought Scientific management does play an important role in the 21st Century. Examples of scientific management can be seen in our car and computer industries, the hospitals and the restaurants we eat in and nearly all function more efficiently due to scientific management. In today’s economic environment scientific management is probably more important in today’s businesses then ever before. The Author will discuss this under the following headings: Scientific Study of work, use of incentives, division of labour and the selection and training of workers. Scientific Study of work The fundamental tools that result in increased productivity are time study standards and work design. For example in the production department of any company materials are requested and controlled; the sequence of operations, inspections, and methods are determined; tools are ordered; time values are assigned; work is scheduled, dispatched and followed up. A good example of scientific management in today’s society is any of the directory enquires numbers, staff read from a script and simple ask what number you want and then a computer reads out the number and even asks if you would like to be connected. Use of incentives According to Taylor workers were only motivated by money, in today’s workplace Taylor’s piece rate pay may have a different name â€Å"performance related pay† is how its new trading name and most of the Multi International companies now pay their workers a very basic pay and only rewards staff who excel at there jobs. According to Taylor one should â€Å"pay the worker, not the job†. In the Authors organisation Eircom all staff from the lines engineers to the managers are all paid by performance and this has helped to eliminate a lot of the ‘soldiering’ that used to take place. Division of Labour Scientific management gives managers control and this can be seen in many of our call centres whether its directory enquires or calling the bank ‘thank you for calling and how may I direct your call? ’ these scripts show us 21st Century management control. Management see these scripts as necessary to keep workers efficient and consistent but it is just modern day Taylorism which assumes that workers are dim and lazy. Selection and training of workers Finding the ‘best’ person for the job is still a challenge for many companies. Many companies now use automated curriculum vitae processing by computers with scientific personality testing to try and match the job to the right person. Employers are looking for employees to work hard, be flexible and to be skilled. It is imperative to get the right people, with the right skills in the right positions and at the right time. Choosing the right people may increase an organisations competitive advantage which is after all central to competitive success of any organisation. Limitations of scientific management Scientific management has been in a state of constant evolution since its adoption. The objective of the scientific management movement was to increase efficiency by carefully planning workers’ movement in the most efficient way. Taylor’s ideas and those of his followers led to time-and-motion experts with their stopwatches and clipboards observing workers, and seeking the ‘one best way’ in which every job could be performed. From the late 1920s, a ‘human relations’ school of thought emerged, challenging Taylorist beliefs in formal work structures and what was considered to be the over-simplification of the concept of motivation. Scientific Management was based on the assumption that workers were driven entirely by economic concerns but Human Relations researchers examined the behaviour of people at work and argued that social factors such as informal work groups and management styles influenced performance. As a result, the personnel management function began to focus on matching the needs of employees with those of management, through the creation of informal structures and managerial styles (Gormley 2009). The Hawthorne Studies conducted by Elton Mayo and his colleagues are exemplary early studies in this tradition and work on motivation by Abraham Maslow although their ideas were built on the original quantitative theories of measuring work as seen in scientific management they also discovered some of the limitations of ‘Taylorism’. The Author will now discuss the limitations of scientific management as discovered by Mayo, Maslow and Deming. Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies The Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments which involved a group of men being observed in their natural work setting with no changes to their working conditions but with an observer taking notes and interviewing them. The group had set there own standards and restricted their output. They had decided what their daily limit was and what constituted as a fair day’s work and this was not to be exceeded by any worker. The results showed Mayo that workers were dissatisfied with the scientific approach. Mayo’s results placed focus on the social context of work: in particular, worker motivation, group dynamics and group relations. The workers were joined in there opposition to management and were not motivated by the financial incentives offered for higher output. Data gathered at the Hawthorne plant (collectively known as The Hawthorne studies) suggested a positive association between labour productivity and management styles. Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs) Maslow was concerned with the issue of employee motivation and wanted to explain how workers could be motivated to achieve higher performance. Maslow focused on the paternalistic style of management focusing on employees’ social needs as the key to better relations and better erformance. This became known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the needs which Maslow identified started with †¢ Physiological needs – food and shelter †¢ Safety needs – the need to feel secure †¢ Acceptance needs – the need to feel accepted by others †¢ Esteem needs – the need for self respect †¢ S elf Actualisation – the need for self achievement and fulfilment W. Deming and Total Quality Management Total quality management (TQM) sees quality as a key to organisational success and emphasizes prevention rather than the correction of mistakes. In the Authors opinion TQM is probably the modern day ‘Taylorism’ the four principals of TQM are. Plan Prepare and plan in a structured way by learning from the past and setting benchmarks for change. Do If your goal is far-reaching, start small and evaluate your results before going wider. Study Analyze the results of what you have done and find out how to apply what you have learned to future activities. Act – Do what you need to do to make your process better and easier to replicate In Demings 14 point management plan, Deming wanted everything to be uniform , in delivery times , prices and work practices. . Create constancy of purpose towards improvement. Replace short-term reaction with long-term planning. 2. Adopt the new philosophy. The implication is that management should actually adopt his philosophy, rather than merely expect the workforce to do so. 3. Cease dependence on inspection. If variation is reduced, there is no need to inspect manufactured items for defects, because there won't be any. 4. Move towards a single supplier for any one item. 5. Improve constantly and forever. Constantly strive to reduce variation. 6. Institute training on the job. If people are inadequately trained, they will not all work the same way, and this will introduce variation. 7. Institute leadership. Deming makes a distinction between leadership and mere supervision. 8. Drive out fear. Deming sees management by fear as counter- productive in the long term, because it prevents workers from acting in the organisation's best interests. 9. Break down barriers between departments. Another idea central to TQM is the concept of the ‘internal customer', that each department serves not the management, but the other departments that use its outputs. 10. Eliminate slogans. Another central TQM idea is that it's not people who make most mistakes – it's the process they are working within. Harassing the workforce without improving the processes they use is counter-productive. 11. Eliminate management by objectives. Deming saw production targets as encouraging the delivery of poor-quality goods. 12. Remove barriers to pride of workmanship. Many of the other problems outlined reduce worker satisfaction. 13. Institute education and self-improvement. 14. The transformation is everyone's job. Each of these management models teaches us something about the limitations of scientific management. Scientific Management is often associated with negative consequences both for workers, who may consider themselves to be victims of exploitation and for managers, who may find it difficult to motivate such workers or to deal with poor performance and resistance. Conclusion Considering that Frederick Taylor has been dead for nearly a century and in this time a knowledge explosion has taken place, Taylor’s track record is extraordinary. If Taylor, Gantt, Gilbreth and Lillian were alive today would they be happy with what has become management thought? In the Authors pinion many of the different management styles all share certain similar characteristics of scientific management and the Author believes that they would all find the total participation movement quite acceptable. The Scientific management theories discussed above evolved from the needs of the past to manage mainly the labour force. The needs of the present in the current economic climate may require similar recordin g of procedures as involved with time and motion studies during the Industrial Revolution in the past to regulate the workings of Finance in Banking and related areas mainly facilitated by the IT Revolution. Rest assured that changes in the past and the present and their successful resolution by scientific management will be replicated many times in the future and hopefully the resolutions will improve/maximise the return for the employer (stakeholder) and employee. In conclusion there is no single ‘best’ strategy or style of management. The ‘best’ solution is the one that is most fitting in relation to the particular needs of that organisation. Bibliography Bratton, J, (2007) Work and Organisational Behaviour, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, . Dale, E. (1973) Management, Theory & Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. Griffin, R. (2009) Fundamentals of Management. (5th Edition), USA: South Western College Gunnigle, P, and Heraty, N. and Morley, M. J. , (2006). Human Resource Management in Ireland. (3rd Edition) Dublin, Gill & Macmillan. Taylor, F, (1947). Scientific Management . New York: Harper Row. Tiernan, S. and Morley, M. and Foley, E. (2006). Modern Management (3rd Edition) Dublin, Gill & Macmillan Scientific Management While this theory has made many positive contributions to management practice, there have also been negative implications. On a positive note, Taylorism has made an impact on the introduction of the 8 hour working day, minimum wage rates and incentive and bonus schemes, and more importantly, highlighted management as an important area of study, allowing for other theorists to improve on, or provide alternative management theories in response to scientific management such as more worker orientated theories, namely behavioural management. Taylor’s ideals have however been under constant scrutiny as managers highlight the shortfalls of scientific management. While the highly mechanistic way of practice may lead to increased productivity, it essentially works by dehumanising workers and viewing them simply as an ‘appendage of machinery. ’ Caldari argues (2007: 61) that Taylor’s ignorance of social considerations leads to conflict, low worker morale, and low trust between workers and neglect the ability for individual creativity to provide a positive input to the workplace. While Taylor’s theories have been subject to many criticisms, scientific management has made an instrumental contribution to modern management practice across the world. By placing emphasis on the management of workers, Taylor essentially highlighted the importance of management theory and paved the way for further development on management as an important element of business practices. Taylor created a way of replacing the ‘guesswork’ involved in the manufacturing process by replacing it with a scientific way of thinking, strict rules and procedures (Caldari 2007: 58). This form of management practice allows managers to more efficiently control and direct their labour force and similarly it provides space for managers to monitor the workforce, and identify inefficiencies and sources of waste in the manufacturing process. As Parker and Ritson discuss (2005: 1340), this allows managers to observe the labour force and ensure that appropriate work procedures are being followed and appropriate results are achieved. Thus, creating space for managers to correct these inefficiencies early in the manufacturing process and minimise waste, subsequently maximising profits. Therefore, although Taylor's contributions were considered controversial and even radical, his theory and dedication to management practice remains influential on contemporary business management, and he can be held responsible for laying the foundations for current strategic and systematic methods of planning and execution of tasks (Darmody, 2007: 1). Regardless of the benefits that may be gained from scientific work practices, criticism stemmed from the impression that Taylor had little concern with the psychology of workers. Taylor’s search for a healthy and efficient workforce however, stemmed from research conducted on the relationship between long working hours and fatigue. Taylor was concerned with the effect that working hours was having on productivity and upon results of such experiments, proceeded to introduce shorter working hours believing that with fewer hours comes higher efficiency, intensified laboured hours and improved employee wellbeing. It is upon this philosophy, that Nyl (1995: 2) argues scientific management; primarily Taylor’s thinking was instrumental in creating the 8 hour working day of which is still implemented in many businesses today. In despite of the above mentioned interest in worker well-being, Caldari (2007: 64) emphasises that Taylor naively assumed that with less, but more intense hours, increased productivity and wages, well being of workers would automatically improve. However, due to the intensely standardised and restrictive rules and procedures that scientific management brings workers are likely to feel unappreciated leaving the door open to the potential of conflict between workers and managers. In this case, a strict line of command is seen to have connection with low worker morale as high productivity is achieved at a price. Caldari cites Marshall (2007: 66) saying that â€Å"trust, esteem and affection for staff are a valuable business asset, of a kind which machinery cannot achieve. † This emphasis recognises one of the downfalls of scientific management in that it restricts the development of a cohesive ‘team’ like workforce, rather restricting management focus to individuals. The constraints that are placed on individuals prevent any worker initiative and eventually depriving a business of potentially important and vital input from employees. As Caldari (2007) points out, managers â€Å"can miss the opportunity of taking advantage of potential resources but also, and moreover, for society that it is likely to waste its more important kind of capital. † (p. 67) With this impression in mind, although Freeman’s discussion (1996: 2) focused primarily on the effect of scientific management in a Japanese business environment, he makes some interesting observations about Taylor’s mechanistic approach that can transcend cultural barriers. Freeman highlights that while criticism’s of Scientific management revolve around it being ‘anti-worker,’ scientific management and ‘democratic’ management (which pays closer attention to the psychology and respect for workers) do not necessarily have to conflict. It is held that while the needs of workers are of foremost importance, Taylor’s ideal of quality management allowed for reduction in waste and increased production in Japanese business practices. In this context, scientific management was instrumental in improving efficiency and creating quality constraints, which ultimately lead to increased profits. Freeman highlights (1996: 6) that by working with unions with an even handed focus on the interests of workers and productivity, business practice can meet a happy medium between scientific management and human relations in the management of business. This ideal emphasises that although some managers claim that there is no place in modern business practice for scientific management, it is possible for Taylor’s ideals to transcend time as managers adapt scientific theories and collaborate Taylor’s methods with other theorists that have followed in his steps. Taylor’s scientific management has resulted in both positive and negative implications for business practice over the 20th and 21st century. We can see its contribution to modern business management in that many of its principles are still used today for example, minimum wage, rest periods and incentives for workers who reach a specified target. While these theories were originally implemented in businesses such as Henry Ford’s car manufacturing, we can see that these processes continue to benefit managers today both in that very same business, and in the same ways in other industries including, and not limited to the hospitality industry where for example, detailed procedures and rules are enforced by a strict line of autocratic managers in a strict line of command at McDonalds or Hungry Jacks. It has been highlighted that although Taylor’s scientific management incorporates shortfalls with regards to the management of a workforce as far as viewing a workforce as valuable human resources rather than machinery, in today’s management practices, elements of Taylor’s theory are able to work in conjunction with often more palatable behavioural theories in order to control and monitor a successful workforce. Taylor was instrumental for creating a new ‘paradigm’ of management thinking and the scientific management theory does, and will continue impart to influence the way businesses operate and complete day to day tasks and assignments (Darmody, 2007: 1). Caldari, K. (2007). ‘Alfred Marshall’s critical analysis of scientific management. ’ The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought,14 (1), 55-78. Darmody, P. J. (2007). ‘Henry L. Gantt and Frederick Taylor: The Pioneers of Scientific Management. ’ AACE International Transactions, 151. Davidson (2008) Management: Core Concepts and Skills in ‘Management', John Wiley, Milton. Freeman, M. G. (1996) ‘Don’t throw scientific management out with the bathwater. ’ _Quality Progress,_ 29(4), Parker, L. D. Ritson, P. (2005) ‘Fads, stereotypes and management gurus: Fayol and Follett today. ’ Management Decision, 43(10), 1335.